Transcript for:
Exploring Homer and The Iliad

Around   the 8th century BC, it is said to have been a  great Greek poet named Homer. This guy is a big   deal, let me tell you. He's the mastermind behind  not one, but TWO epic poems that are basically the   foundation of ancient Greek literature. We're  talking about the Iliad and the Odyssey. These   works are so iconic that people still study  them today, centuries and centuries later.  And let me tell you, Homer, whether  he existed or not, is not just some   run-of-the-mill author. This guy is the  real deal. He's one of the most revered   and influential authors in the entire history of  humanity. I mean, come on, he wrote about gods,   heroes, and epic battles. He took us on epic  journeys, from the Trojan War to the trials   and tribulations of Odysseus trying to make his  way back home. He weaved tales of love, loss,   and redemption that have captured the hearts and  imaginations of people for thousands of years.  Alright, let me tell you about the Iliad. It's  one of the OG epic poems of ancient Greece, and   it's attributed to none other than the legendary  storyteller, Homer. This baby is old, but it's   still holding up - modern audiences are still all  about it. And when I say old, I mean we're talking   about a work of literature that's been around  since the late 8th or early 7th century BC.  So, what's the deal with the Iliad? Well, it's  one of two major epic poems credited to Homer,   the other being the Odyssey. The poem is divided  into 24 books, written in dactylic hexameter,   and contains a whopping 15,693 lines in its  most widely accepted version. We're talking   about some serious page-turning action here. The story takes place during the final weeks   of the Trojan War, a ten-year siege of the city  of Troy by a coalition of Mycenaean Greek states.   It's all about some major events that went down  during the battle, including a legendary feud   between King Agamemnon and the great warrior,  Achilles. This thing is so epic that it's a   central part of the Epic Cycle - that's like, the  cinematic universe of ancient Greek epic poems.  But what really makes the Iliad stand out  is the way it tackles some major themes.   We're talking about stuff like glory, pride,  fate, and wrath. This is some heavy stuff,   folks. And let's not forget the Olympian gods -  they play a major role in the poem, intervening   in battles and personal disputes. In fact, the  way they're characterized in the Iliad humanized   them for Ancient Greek audiences and gave them a  real sense of cultural and religious tradition.  But hey, this is also an epic poem about war,  so don't be surprised if there's some serious   weaponry, battle tactics, and graphic violence  being described in detail. And yeah, this one is   definitely more of a guy's story than the Odyssey,  with fewer female characters taking center stage.  At the end of the day, the Iliad is a massive  achievement. It's considered to be the first   substantial piece of European literature, and  it's still capturing imaginations today. So if   you're looking for a good read, give this one  a shot. And if you're feeling really ambitious,   try reading it in the original Homeric Greek -  that's some serious bragging rights right there.  Get ready to travel back in time to ancient  Greece and witness the epic tale of the rage   of Achilles, the greatest hero of the Trojan War! Our story begins with an invocation to the Muse,   the goddess of inspiration, to guide us through  this tale of heroic deeds and divine intervention.   The Achaeans have been warring with the Trojans  for what seems like an eternity, and we find   ourselves smack dab in the middle of the action. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and commander of   the united Achaean armies, is holding captive a  Trojan priest's daughter, Chryseis. The priest,   Chryses, offers the Achaeans a hefty sum of  wealth for her return, but Agamemnon is a   stubborn fellow and refuses. Bad move, Agamemnon!  Chryses prays to Apollo, the god of plagues,   to teach these Achaeans a lesson, and boy does  he deliver. The Achaean army is struck with a   terrible plague, leaving them weak and vulnerable. Enter Achilles, the best of the Greeks and leader   of the Myrmidon forces. He's not too pleased with  Agamemnon's stubbornness and calls a meeting to   deal with the problem. After some heated  discussion, Agamemnon reluctantly agrees   to return Chryseis to her father, but in a fit  of greed, decides to take Achilles' captive,   Briseis, as compensation. This is a  major insult to Achilles and he is   beyond angry. He declares that he and his  men will no longer fight for Agamemnon.  As the drama unfolds, the gods get involved.  Achilles prays to his sea-nymph mother, Thetis,   to ask Zeus to let the Trojans beat the Achaeans  until their ships are in danger of burning.   Only then will Agamemnon understand the gravity  of the situation and restore Achilles' honor.   Thetis delivers the message to Zeus and he agrees.  He even sends a dream to Agamemnon, urging him to   attack Troy. But first, Agamemnon decides to test  the army's morale by telling them to go home.   This turns out to be a major flop, as the  soldiers are tired and fed up with the war.   Only the intervention of the clever Odysseus,  inspired by Athena, prevents a complete rout.  The armies finally meet on the Trojan plain, ready  for battle. The Trojan king, Priam, hears of the   Achaean deployment and sends out a sortie.  The two sides are about to clash when Paris,   the infamous thief of Menelaus' wife Helen, offers  to end the war by dueling Menelaus. Helen will   marry the winner. Paris is defeated, but with  a little divine intervention from the goddess   of love, he escapes and runs off with Helen. The gods debate whether the war should end there,   but Hera convinces Zeus to wait for the total  destruction of Troy. Athena convinces the   Trojan archer, Pandaros, to shoot Menelaus,  breaking the truce and starting the fighting   once again. It's a bloody battle, with  many minor Trojans meeting their demise.  The war continues, and the battle is heating  up! Diomedes, a fierce Achaean warrior,   is slicing through Trojans left and right,  racking up a serious body count. He even manages   to take down Aeneas, but Aphrodite swoops in to  rescue him before Diomedes can finish the job.  Well, Diomedes ain't one to back down from a  fight, even if it's against a goddess. He takes   a swing at Aphrodite and actually manages to  wound her wrist. That's gotta hurt! But Apollo,   the god of archery and healing, ain't too happy  about mortals warring with his divine kin. He   warns Diomedes to back off, but our boy is too  hot-headed to listen. So, Apollo sends in Ares,   the god of war, to take care of business. Now, this is where things get really crazy.   Heroes and commanders are joining the fray  left and right, and the gods are duking it   out in the heavens, trying to sway the battle  in their favor. But Diomedes ain't backing down.   With the encouragement of Athena, goddess  of wisdom and battle, he manages to wound   Ares and take him out of the fight. Meanwhile, Hector, the Trojan hero,   is rallying his troops and preventing a total  rout. In the middle of all this chaos, Diomedes   manages to find some common ground with the Trojan  Glaukos, and they exchange some...interesting   gifts. Glaukos tells Diomedes the wild tale of  Bellerophon, and honestly, it's worth a listen.  Hector enters the city and urges prayers  and sacrifices to the gods, rousing his   brother Paris to get back in the fight. But not  before he says a heartfelt goodbye to his wife   Andromache and their son Astyanax. He rejoins  the battle, dueling with Ajax, but nightfall   brings a much-needed break in the action. During the break, the Trojans have a bit of   a squabble about returning Helen, the woman whose  abduction started this whole mess. Paris offers to   give back the treasure he stole and offer further  wealth, but not Helen herself. The Achaeans ain't   having it and refuse the offer. Both sides agree  to a day's truce to burn their dead and tend to   their wounded. The Achaeans even build a wall  and trench to protect their camp and ships.  The Trojans and Achaeans are at it again,  with both sides fighting like the fierce   warriors they are! Zeus, the king of the  gods, has prohibited divine interference,   leaving the mortals to duke it out on their own.  The Trojans are gaining the upper hand, pushing   the Achaeans back to their wall. Even Hera and  Athena are forbidden from lending a helping hand!  Night falls before the Trojans can make a full-on  assault, so they camp out in the field, ready to   attack at the crack of dawn. Their watchfires  light up the plain like a sky full of stars.  Meanwhile, the Achaeans are feeling desperate.  Agamemnon admits his mistake and sends an embassy   to Achilles, offering his captive Briseis and  extensive gifts if only he would return to battle.   Achilles and his pal Patroclus receive the  embassy well, but the insult to his honor   is too great. Achilles angrily refuses  the offer, saying he'll only return if   the Trojans come for his ships with fire in  their eyes. The embassy returns empty-handed.  But things start to heat up when Odysseus  and Diomedes sneak out to the Trojan lines   that night, killing a Trojan named Dolon  and wreaking havoc in the Thracian camps.   The next day, the fighting is intense, and even  Agamemnon, Diomedes, and Odysseus are wounded.  Achilles sends Patroclus to check on the Achaean  casualties, and he's moved to tears by a speech   from the wise Nestor. Nestor asks Patroclus to  beg Achilles to return to battle, or at least let   Patroclus lead the army wearing Achilles' armor. The Trojans launch a fierce attack on the Achaean   wall, led by Hector. Despite a bad omen,  he charges ahead, and the Achaeans are   overwhelmed and forced to retreat. The wall's  gate is broken, and Hector charges in. The   Achaeans are falling back to their ships. But don't count them out just yet! Poseidon,   the god of the sea, takes pity on the Achaeans  and decides to help them, going against Zeus'   orders. He rallies their spirits, and they start  to push the Trojans back. Many fall on both sides,   including Poseidon's nephew Amphimachus. But  Poseidon imbues Idomeneus with godly power,   and the tide of the battle starts to turn. Hera, always the clever one, seduces Zeus and   puts him to sleep, allowing Poseidon to continue  his aid to the Achaeans. Ajax wounds Hector,   who is carried back to Troy. Zeus wakes up  and is angry, but reassures Hera that Troy   will fall once Hector kills Patroclus. Poseidon  is recalled from the battlefield, and Zeus sends   in Apollo to aid the Trojans. The Trojans breach  the wall again, and the battle reaches the ships.  Patroclus, unable to stand by and watch any  longer, goes to Achilles in tears. He chides   Achilles for his stubbornness and asks to fight  in his place, wearing Achilles' armor so that the   Trojans will think it's him. Achilles reluctantly  agrees, but warns Patroclus not to pursue the   Trojans and to come back to him safely. Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into battle,   arriving just as the Trojans are setting fire to  the first ships. The Trojans are caught off guard   and quickly routed by the sudden attack. Patroclus  starts his assault by taking down Zeus' son   Sarpedon, a key ally of the Trojans. But, ignoring  Achilles' orders, Patroclus charges ahead and even   reaches the gates of Troy. Apollo himself steps in  and puts a stop to Patroclus, joined by Euphorbos.   Patroclus is ultimately killed by Hector. Hector takes Achilles' armor from the fallen   Patroclus, and the Achaeans are determined  to retrieve Patroclus' body from the Trojans.   Antilochus is sent to break the news to Achilles  and plead for his help in retrieving the body.   When Achilles hears of Patroclus' death, he  lets out a scream so loud that even his mother,   Thetis, hears it from the depths of the ocean. Thetis is heartbroken, knowing that her son is   fated to die young if he kills Hector. But despite  the risk, Achilles swears to avenge Patroclus and   vows to kill Hector. With no armor to wear,  he stands by the Achaean wall, bathed in a   radiant glow by Athena, and roars with rage. The  Trojans are terrified by his appearance, and the   Achaeans manage to retrieve Patroclus' body. Achilles mourns the loss of his dear friend,   and Thetis requests that Hephaestus make new armor  for Achilles. The god crafts a magnificent set   of armor, including a beautifully wrought shield. Achilles, the mightiest warrior among the Greeks,   had been nursing his anger and refused to  fight. But when his best friend Patroclus   is killed by Hector, the Trojan prince, Achilles  is consumed with rage and decides to take revenge.  Zeus, the king of the gods, lifts the ban on their  interference, and the divine beings begin to take   sides in the war. Achilles, armed with his new set  of armor, charges into battle, killing countless   Trojans. He is so relentless that he even battles  the river god, Scamander, and defeats him with   the help of the god of fire, Hephaestus. As the Trojans retreat into the city,   Achilles pursues Hector, who, despite his family's  pleas, decides to face him. However, when he sees   Achilles, Hector's courage falters, and he runs  for his life. Achilles chases him around the city,   until Athena tricks him into stopping. Hector  turns to face his opponent, but Achilles   swiftly kills him with a stab to the neck. Achilles, consumed with his anger and pride,   dishonors Hector's body by dragging it behind his  chariot, day after day. But one night, the ghost   of Patroclus comes to Achilles in a dream, urging  him to bury his body and let him rest in peace.   Achilles realizes the error of his ways  and agrees to give Hector's body back to   his father, King Priam of Troy. Priam, with the help of Hermes,   the messenger of the gods, sneaks into the  Achaean camp and pleads with Achilles for   his son's body. Moved by Priam's grief, Achilles  relents and returns Hector's body to the Trojans.   The city mourns for twelve days, during which  Achilles honors Patroclus with funeral games.