Types of Matter

Definition of Matter

• Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Forms: Commonly divided into three phases:
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas

Phases of Matter

Solids

• Fixed shape and volume.
• Particles are touching and do not move.

Liquids

• Fixed volume but no fixed shape.
• Molds to container shape.
• Particles are touching but move fluidly.

Gases

• No fixed volume or shape.
• Fills entire container.
• Particles are far apart and move freely.

Changes in Matter

Physical Changes

• Chemical composition remains unchanged.
• Example: Ice melting into water.
  • Arrangement of water molecules changes, but molecules remain water.

Chemical Changes

• Chemical composition changes.
• Involves breaking/forming of chemical bonds.
• Example: Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas forming water.
  • New bonds between hydrogen and oxygen.
  • New substances created.

Pure Substances

• Cannot be separated into other materials by physical processes.

Elements

• Made of only one type of atom.
• Cannot be broken down further by physical or chemical means.

Compounds

• Made of two or more elements.
• Example: Water (H₂O) is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen.
• Can be chemically divided into component elements.

Mixtures

• Composed of two or more pure substances.
• Can be separated by physical processes.

Homogeneous Mixtures

• Substances are evenly distributed.
• Every section looks the same.
• Example: Sugar dissolved in water.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Substances are not evenly distributed.
• Different sections look different.
• Example: Oil and water.

Summary

• Pure Substances: Elements (one type of atom) and Compounds (one type of molecule).
• Mixtures: Multiple types of molecules, either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Conclusion

• Understanding the types of matter and their changes is fundamental in chemistry.
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