C Programming Unit 1 Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Overview of C Programming unit.
• Link to C language tutorials and study materials available in the description.
• Topics covered include:
  • Components of a computer
  • Computer languages and translators
  • Memory types
  • Operating systems

Components of a Computer

• Definition of Computer: An electronic device that takes input, processes it, and provides output.
  • Example: Input via keyboard, output via monitor.

Categories of Computer Components

1. Hardware: Physical parts of a computer (e.g., CPU, monitor, mouse, keyboard).
2. Software: Instructions for the computer.
   • Types of Software:
     • System Software: Designed for system management (e.g., Windows, Linux).
     • Application Software: Designed for user tasks (e.g., MS Office, Photoshop).

Basic Operations of a Computer

1. Input: Entering data.
2. Storage: Saving data (RAM, hard disk).
3. Processing: Performing operations on data.
4. Output: Displaying results.
5. Control: Managing the sequence of operations.

Types of Memory

1. Primary Memory: Temporary storage.
   • RAM (Random Access Memory):
     • Static RAM (SRAM): Retains data until powered off.
     • Dynamic RAM (DRAM): Loses data quickly if not refreshed.
   • ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage.
     • Types: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.
2. Secondary Memory: External storage (e.g., CDs, DVDs, USB drives).

Computer Languages

• Types:
  1. Machine Level Language: Binary code (0s and 1s).
  2. Assembly Language: Uses symbols.
  3. High-Level Language: Human-readable languages (e.g., C).

Translators

• Converts high-level language to machine language.
  • Compiler: Converts the whole program at once.
  • Interpreter: Converts line by line.

Operating Systems

• Interface between users and hardware.
• Examples: Windows, Linux.
• Functions:
  • Memory management
  • Process management
  • Device management
  • File management
  • Security control

Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch Operating System: Processes jobs in groups.
2. Multitasking/Time Sharing OS: Multiple users access a computer simultaneously.
3. Real-Time OS: Responds immediately to inputs (e.g., military applications).
4. Mobile OS: Designed for mobile devices (e.g., Android, iOS).
5. Network OS: Manages network resources on a server.
6. Distributed OS: Operates across multiple processors.

Numbering Systems in C Programming

• Types:
  1. Binary: Base 2.
  2. Octal: Base 8.
  3. Decimal: Base 10.
  4. Hexadecimal: Base 16.

Introduction to C Programming

• Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
• C is a case-sensitive, robust, middle-level programming language.

Structure of a C Program

• Header files: (e.g., #include <stdio.h>)
• Main function: int main() {}

Data Types & Variables

• Data Types:
  • Primary: int, char, float.
  • Variables: Store data values.

Operators in C

• Types of Operators:
  1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %.
  2. Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <.
  3. Logical Operators: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT).
  4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~.
  5. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=.
  6. Increment/Decrement Operators: ++, --.

Control Structures

1. Conditional Statements: if, if-else, else if, switch.
2. Loops: for, while, do-while.

Storage Classes

• Types:
  1. Auto: Local variable, exists in the block.
  2. Static: Local variable that retains value after scope ends.
  3. Extern: Global variable accessible across files.
  4. Register: Stores in CPU register for fast access.

Type Conversion

• Implicit Conversion: System converts smaller types to larger (e.g., int to float).
• Explicit Conversion: User manually converts (e.g., float to int).

Command Line Arguments

• Arguments passed to the program via command prompt.
• int main(int argc, char *argv[]) handles command line arguments.

Example Programs

• Check even or odd number.
• Print tables using goto statement.

Conclusion

• Comprehensive understanding of C programming basics, components, memory types, programming languages, and operators.