Object Relations Theory Overview

Okay, so for today we will discuss Melanie Klein. So this theorist is one of the most, not controversial, but one of the most difficult to teach, especially for male instructors. It's difficult in a way because what we're talking about here is good breast, bad breast. So it's all about the breast of the mother. Isn't it weird? You think Freud is weird, right? There are other weird things. I mean weird in a sense that it's hard to, it's very unusual to think or talk about these kinds of things. But that's how psychology works. So psychology is a bit weird. So you should know that when you enter psychology. We'll discuss the quiz later on. If anything happens in the quiz. So Melanie Klein claimed that her theories are quite Freudian but Freud himself did not acknowledge her. So it's a bit sad but it's always like that. And then her daughter Melita was also a psychoanalyst and was hostile to her. And she focused on analyzing children as opposed to Freudian tradition of analyzing adults. And her rival was Anna Freud. So these are the basic facts about her. But the main, probably the most important is her daughter. Has not, like hostile to her. They will not follow her daughter. It's quite ironic because in her theory, she said that the relationship of mother and the child is the most important thing. In the development of personality. So, hmm, there's something, right? She's very ironic. So her theory is what we call object relations theory. So object relations refer to the objects, which is objects of the drives. Later, we'll talk about why it's object relations. So Klein insisted that infant drives, hunger, sex, and so forth, are directed to an object, a breast, penis, vagina, and so on. So, the drives of the infant, as you remember, they are almost the same as Freud's drives. So, there's a sex drive, there's a tanatos, there's a death drive, and of course, there's a hunger, a physiological drive, a hunger. So, those drives usually have objects. So, these objects, these are the things they get or they use to relieve or to get rid of the tension of the drive. Because for example, you're hungry. you need something but something is food therefore food is the object of hunger and of course sex is a drive and um so those are the objects so uh uh so according to klein child the child's relationship to the breast is fundamental and serves as the prototype for later relations to whole objects such as mother and father. So according to Klein, the first object that concerns the child is the breast because the breast gives everything. It gives the nourishment, it gives the... The breast is not just hunger, it also gives sex, the sexual need and also the Thanatos, the destructive needs. Later, we'll talk about why that's the case. So, thus, Klein's ideas tend to shift the focus of psychoanalytic theory from organically based stages of development to the role of early fantasy in the formation of interpersonal relationships. So, Freud is very obsessed with the internal, the id, ego, superego, how those three interact. wala siyang pakilam sa social relationships. Para sa kanya, para parehas lang na lahat ng mga tao, lahat ng mga bata ay galit sa mga magulang nila. But it's not the case. Because according to K-Kline, it's ano, umaga pwede mong bago or pwede mong modify yun. So yun nga, the relationship of the child to the breast, kung gusto niya ba yung breast, kung good ba yung breast or bad ba yung breast, eh yun yung magiging prototype or yun yung magiging basis niya sa lahat na magiging future relationships niya. Because that is the prototype object. And yung objects kasi hindi lang naman yan yung limited sa food, breast, penis, or vagina. Ang objects kasi eventually they will grow into the whole person na. So the relationship na, yung mga relationships sa mga tao. Okay? So wrap your head around that. At first, it will be weird, but if you will learn the language of psychoanalysis, you won't be able to understand it. I know some of you will say, Huh? What? No, it's okay. I'm like that too. But eventually, as you read, you'll understand. So some basic premise and assumption. So object relations theory places less emphasis on biology, as I've said. She's focused on interpersonal relationship. And Freud is focused on the father. Did you notice the Oedipus complex? It's all about the father, it's all about the male, it's all about the paternal side. And Klein said, no, that's not the case. The relationship with the mother is still more important. So because the mother is giving the intimacy and nurture. And that intimacy and nurturing, that's our basis on our relationships. Last year, the saying that the mother lacks in her child's relationship, when the classmate's attitude is not good, they'll say, she lacks in her relationship. So that's her narrative. She lacks in her relationship. The object relations of the child with the parent are not good. There will be problems in personality development. So if you've watched Klein, it's almost the same. Although less emphasis on breasts than Kornay. More like this hostility and anxiety. And then object relations theories generally see human contact and relatedness, not sexual pleasure, as the prime motive of human behavior. This is what they've changed. Klein said that sex is not something that people just want. human contact and relatedness. As of now, human contact is deprived by other people. So others are depressed, they have problems with their mental health because we need that, we need human contact. It's not enough to just Google Meet or Zoom because eventually it will disappear. Eventually, you still need physical contact. I hope COVID will end, although I doubt. Your online classes may be until next year, until next school year. Okay, so all the different drives may seem to have separate aims. Their underlying aim is always the same, to reduce tension, and that is to achieve pleasure. So the object of the drive is any person, part of a person, or thing through which the aim is satisfied, as I mentioned earlier. Klein and other object-relation theorists begin with the basic assumption of Freud. and then speculate on how infants feel or fantasize early relations with mother or the breasts become a model for all later interpersonal relationships. So from now on, you will always remember that it all starts with Freud's example of ego, superego. And then there are drives, sexual drives, death drives, aggressive drives. That's it. What we call... Sa mga theories na to is psychodynamic theories. Lahat ng mga psychoanalysis based na theory, we call them psychodynamic theories. Tapos mula kina Klein, ang tawag dito is neo-Freudian psychology. We can also say that Jung and Adler are neo-Freudian but their theory is very distinct kay Freud. For example, Adler and others because they are really different. Although they are still psychodynamic theorists, we cannot say that they are Neo-Freudian. Because their concept is different. From now on, from Klein to Erickson, you will always remember that their basis is psychoanalysis. So if you don't get psychoanalysis, it will be hard for you to get the next theories. If you are not yet familiar with Freud, I suggest you read more so that you can understand it. But I guess you are familiar now, so that's not a problem. So, we'll start with Freud's premise. That's the only difference along the way. In Klein's case, their main difference is that first, interpersonal relationship is the main motivator, not sex. And then, our relationship with the mother are the object, like the breast and the... And everything is the prototype of our relationships. Freud doesn't have that. So an important portion of a relationship is the internal psychic representations of early significant objects such as mother's breast, father's penis that have been interjected or taken into the infant psychic structure. So here, One of the differences between Klein's theory and Freud's theory is that Freud's theory doesn't say much about infants. He said they are just a bunch of idds. They don't have an ego. They cannot process anything. They are just there. They're just idd. But according to Klein, that's not the case. Because Klein said that when a child is born, it has an idd ego, a super ego. However, the ego and superego are not yet developed like that, but they're still there. So therefore, the child can process something. However, it's very primitive. It's not that sophisticated like the older ones. For example, the representations of early significant objects. For example, the mother. The child will not see the whole mother when she gives birth. Ang unang makikita niya sa mother is yung breast. Because yung breast lang yung may pake siya. Basically. Kasi yun yung nagpapakain sa kanya. So, the way he or she, the infant, sees or treats the breast, kung yung breast ba yun is good or bad, eh dun ma-dedetermine if maganda yung magiging relationship nila. So, masiyahan na natin yun sa mga psychic life of infant. So, yun nga. sabi ko nga, mas mabilis mag-develop yung bata according kay Klein, compared sa ano ni Freud. So infants do not begin with a blank slate. Meron silang predisposition for reducing anxiety caused by the conflict of life instinct and power of death instinct. So may life instinct na, may death instinct na yung bata. Bata pa lang yan ha. So It's not true what people say. They say, Yeah, but he's just a kid. You don't understand that. The kids understand what they're doing to him. This is, there's this misconception, especially in the Filipinos, or I don't know, maybe in the whole human race, that they think that children, infants, do not know what is happening around them. That's false. Anything you do with them, or anything you do for them, or about them, or against them, they will remember. Not, remember in a kind of ah, this is what you did to my child, mommy. Not like that. They will remember in a primitive way in how they perceive the relationship. So if you notice, the kids that they're just letting go when they grow up, they do not like their mothers. Because they remember, but not remember word for word, but they emotionally remember. They, The... They have this fantasy. Kasi ang mga bata daw, may fantasy sila. PH yung ano yan. Fantasies are the psychic representations of unconscious instinct. They should not be confused with the conscious fantasies that older children and adults. So yung mga fantasies na to, ito yung parang, kasi diba pagbata, hindi naman nilang word for word talaga yung nangyayari. So they have representations. Very archaic, very primitive nga. representations and we call them fantasies. So ang fantasies na to, they are very simple. It's either you're good or bad. So if the breast is not feeding them well, then that breast is bad. If the breast is feeding them, I mean, if the breast is feeding them not well, I mean, hindi pinapakain masyado, bad yung breast. Kapag naman yung breast is pinapakain sila, wala silang pakilam sa nanay, yung breast lang. the breast is good if that's the case. So that's how simple their thinking is. That's why they really remember. And then, Klein would say that infants who fall asleep while sucking on their figures are fantasizing about their mother's good breast inside themselves. So hungry infants who cry and kick, they are fantasizing of destroying the bad breast. So if they feel like the breast is good, they will... they will try to interject it they will try to uh if we i try not to be logical too much uh and if they're the breast is bad they will try to project it, they will try to remove it from their personalities. And they will kick, they will cry. So that's fantasies, that's how fantasies work. So fantasies, of course, work in tandem with objects. So as I've said, the objects are the objects of the drives. So the earliest object relations are with the mother's breast. But very soon, interest develops in the face, and then the hands, and then the whole mother that attends to his needs or gratifies them. So objects, as I said earlier, objects start with a simple thing, and that simple thing is breast. This is applicable for both male and female. So this might also explain why both males and females like breasts, because that is the first object they have a relationship with. at least in their fantasies. Okay? So that's how you know. And so, that's probably more obvious for males because males are more likely to show their sexuality while females are less likely to show their sexuality. But it's the same thing. Both males and females like breasts, no matter how you deny it. So that's, maybe the explanation is that the breast is our first relationship. With the world, actually. Not only in general, but your world is really just that. So, these fantasies, these objects, it happens, like, the kids always have fantasies with regards to the objects. yun nga lang nag It changes depending on the time or depending on the development stage. So, Klein doesn't want to call it developmental stages. What he wants to call it is positions. Why positions? Because if it's stages of development, the timeline is too constricting, the technicalities are too constricting. So, it's better if it's just positions. Because sometimes, it changes. The position changes every now and then. But it's not that strict, unlike development. So the positions that the child has, his birthplace, is two. Paranoid schizoid position, that's the first. And then later life, or later infancy, is depressive position. So these positions are an attempt to deal with the dichotomy of good and bad feelings. As I've mentioned, fantasies are all about good and bad, life and death. If the breast is giving life, that is good. If the breast is giving aggressive tendencies, parang hindi binibigayin gusto mo, that is death instinct. Gusto mong sirain, gusto mong i-destroy yung breast because it's not good, it's bad. So infants organize their experience into positions or ways of dealing with both internal and external objects. So, ang unang position is yung paranoid schizoid position. A way of organizing experience that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and the splitting of internal and external objects into good and bad. So, paranoid schizoid, it's more of paranoid yung bata. Kasi yung bata, yun nga, meron siyang life and death instinct. Yung death instinct is ayaw niya. He doesn't want to feel it. It's like an ebion. So, because he doesn't want to feel it, internally or externally, internally means that he has an aggressive tendency, and externally, the breast is not giving him what he wants, so that he won't feel that he's being persecuted by a bad breast. What he'll do is split it. He'll make it different. There's a version of a good breast, there's a version of a bad breast in him. That's splitting. So that he won't... That's only one breast. If he labels it as a bad breast, he won't label it as a good breast. Because that's how simple their fantasy is. But if the kid will split it, there are two breasts, a good breast and a bad breast, and then the good breast will take it, he will interject it to himself, then he or she will feel good. And then the bad breast will project it, and then there's no more debt. instinct sa kanya or mawawala yung feelings ng death instinct sa kanya. So that is paranoid schizoid. Para mawala yung persecutory feelings ng bad breast which all children feels internally man or externally. And then eventually mapupunta siya sa depressive position. The feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object. So sa depressive position naman eventually after ng paranoid schizoid, mati-realize ng bata na he doesn't want the object to disappear. She's afraid to leave the object. So the object here, usually they're not just breasts, they will start to recognize the mother herself. They will, but it's still the breast, okay? They will have the feeling or anxiety that, I might leave this breast. So, and then coupled with sense of guilt, because there are times that the breast wants to be destroyed, as we've mentioned in paranoid schizoid, so the child gets depressed. he's in a depressive position. But this is different from personality disorders. These are just positions. Client just adopted the names because they sound the same. I mean, they sound essentially the same in their essence, in their function. So, paranoid schizoid, the desire to control the breast by devouring or harboring it, at the same time, in destructive urges. That's what I'm saying. They have the biting or tearing tendencies. So, So, yun, diniscuss ko na pala siya. Okay, so this proverbial splitting of the world into good and bad serve as a prototype for subsequent development of ambivalent feelings towards a single person. If ang bata is hindi nakamove on dun sa splitting good and bad, eh, magkakaroon siya ng simple worldview. Pag tenda niya is magkakaroon siya ng worldview na kung saan simple lang lahat. It's either good ka or bad ka. If that's the case, that's immature. Because the world is neither good or bad. It's a mix of good and bad. If a person cannot have the ambivalent feeling, there are times when there's this person, or there's this person in our lives, friend or special someone, that we love them and hate them at the same time. Because that's just it. It's complicated. There are people who are super perfectionists. If they see something that is not good in a person, they will automatically assume that that person is bad. That means, according to Klein, that person who is just looking at the world in black and white, good or bad, they are not able to move on from their paranoid schizoid position. They have this tendency to be perfectionists. They have this tendency to be narrow-minded. It's either you are good or bad. And it's either you are... dilawan or you are DDS. It's not that simple because the world is not that simple. If, if, ang tawag dyan is false dichotomy. There's no such thing as good and bad only. There is such thing as you are mostly good but you have bad sides and you have, you're very bad and you have some good sides. That's how the world works. Now, if you think that the world works in black and white, you're either good and bad, you'll shift your course. Because in psychology, if you cannot have that ambivalent feelings or ambivalent opinions, then you are not worthy of becoming a psychology major. Because people are good and bad at the same time. Okay? That's it. Gray area, yeah. Uh, not... Fairy tales are not true. evil or the evil and the good they always feel no that's not true so most of the time the evil are succeeding most of the time they are good are not succeeding but eventually it's not about the results it's all about the journey it's not about the destination it's about the journey anyway that's another topic for another day but the point is uh children use good and bad label but Adults do not use that. If you still use that and you're an adult, then you are still a kid. You just have money. So, next. Depressive position naman. Eventually, they will realize that the person will... magkakaroonalistic picture ng mother. And recognizes that she is an independent person. So, kung baga nung una kasi, akala ng bata, yung breast is nandyan lang forever. Parang yun yung world niya, literally. But eventually, she realizes that the breast can go. She can also leave. And then, she is an independent who can be both good and bad. The ego is beginning to mature to this point. She is already having an ego, a relationship with the external world, as opposed to the paranoid schizoid that is internal to everything. And then, the ego is beginning to mature and can tolerate some of its destructive feelings rather than projecting them outward. So as I mentioned earlier, they're splitting, the kids, the infants. They're projecting the bad side of them to the bad breast. And then eventually, they realize that it's not allowed because we all have our dark sides. So the infant realizes that the mother might go away and be lost forever, feeling the possible loss of the mother. The infant tries to protect her, keep her from danger of its own destructive forces, those carnivalistic impulses that has previously been projected onto her. So he will have an urge to protect the mother from himself. Because that's right, when he was a kid, he wanted to break his breast. But the infant's ego is mature enough to realize that it lacks the capacity to protect the mother, and thus the infant experiences guilt. So parang, ay, hindi ko pala mapipigilan sarili ko. Magigilte yung bata. So the depressive position is resolved when the children fantasize that they have made reparations for their previous transgression, and when they recognize that their mother will not go away permanently but will return after each departure. So matatapos lang a depressive position. Kapag natanggap na ng anak or nakatanggap na ng bata na kumbaga ipo-forgive niya yung sarili niya dun sa mga death instinct niya or dun sa mga destructive behaviors niya. And then ma-accept niya na hindi naman forever aalis yung nanay. Babalik din siya at babalik din siya. Ngayon, if hindi bumalik yung nanay or feeling yung batay, hindi bumalik yung nanay, ah, dun magkakaroon na naman ang problema. Okay? So as you can see, there is a problem when the personality development is not in good resolution. So same thing with Melanie Klein. Okay? So they are able not only to experience love from the mother but also display their own love for her when the depressive position becomes successful. An incomplete resolution of the depressive position can result in lack of trust. morbid mourning, the loss of a loved one, and variety of psychic disorders. That's what I said. If the child didn't realize or failed to realize that the parent will not return, or the parent will return, for example, the parent will not return, or the parent will not notice, there will be a lack of trust. And this lack of trust will... Carry over hanggang pagtanda ng bata. Hindi lang ito magiging limited sa kanyang childhood, ma-spill over ito sa kanyang adult life. Kaya yun nga yung mga sinasabi ng mga student na kulang sa aruga, eh totoo yun. Kapag kulang sa aruga yung bata, most likely wala siyang tiwala sa ibang tao. And kapag wala siyang tiwala sa ibang tao, eh talagang gagawa siya ng mga bagay na hindi magugusta ng ibang tao. Kasi nga, wala siyang tiwala. So, the things we mentioned earlier, you can see I'm talking about defense mechanisms like splitting, interjecting, and projection. So, these psychic defense mechanisms are used by the children to protect themselves from their own death instinct. As I mentioned, the child has two instincts, death and life instinct. So, to resolve those two, or to reduce the anxiety, they use defense mechanisms. So, the first defense mechanism is interjection. ah dito i incorporate ng bata yung good thing sa kanyang personality for example the good breast ah and then the projection naman for example yun nga merong ah merong bad instinct or merong death instinct yung bata ang gagawin niya is papasa niya sa bad breast projection ah ngayon as i've mentioned kanina siyempre kahit literal na dalawa yung breast e iisa pa rin yung breast so how will they how will they know if How will they interject and project if there's only one breast? They will split. They will split the breast. There are good breasts and there are bad breasts. There are two versions of breasts. So by splitting, they can merge. There are some who merge. By splitting, they can merge. But ironically, yes. By splitting the breast, they can hold two beliefs. Two. incompatible beliefs at the same time. Those incompatible beliefs is that that breast is good and bad. So they will split it. And then the most complicated defense mechanism according to Klein is the projective identification. It's a combination of projection and interjection. So what a child or a person will do, even adults do this, is that The bad instincts that they have, the bad impulses that they have, is they will project it on a person. They know that they're projecting it on people, usually close relatives or close relationships, so that person can clean up that impulse. And then eventually, when he cleans up, he will interject it on himself. It's like he's just washing away the bad impulse from other people. So this psychic defense mechanism is which inflates split of unacceptable parts of themselves, project them into another object, and finally interject them back to themselves in a changed or distorted form. So for example, those who have masochistic and sadistic tendencies, that's like SM, right? Those sadists, they will project their sadism to the person that is masochist. They will also project their sadism, and then that masochist person will accept that. It's like there's a good thing for them. And then eventually, the person will interject his bad side, that it's not all that bad, the one in December. So, that's it. It's a bit dark, but in that context, in my example, it's very dark. But it tends to also be a good thing. Not just... In your example, in the book, it's about their couple. You can read that. Sorry, I just thought of something that's a bit dark. But there are mild examples of projective identification. The point is you project your bad thing onto a good, onto something, an object or a person, usually a person or part of the person in children's case. And then you will, that impulse is... transformed and then you will interject it again. Medyo complicated, no? Bakit di mo nalang baguhin sa isip mo? Well, logic doesn't apply in psychoanalysis. Okay, so internalizations, same with Freud, meron nga yung ego tsaka super ego. Although yung Kay Klein, yes, I've mentioned ego is developed earlier, kubaga at birth meron na, it's strong enough to feel anxiety and use defense mechanism. from early object relations in both fantasy and reality. Super Ego, there's also. That's just the thing, Freud said that a 3-4 year old will have a super ego. Klein said no, the super ego will appear earlier. And the super ego is more harsh and cruel, according to Klein. So the ego, it becomes, that's what I said earlier, it appears earlier. He is the one who determines the good and bad, he is also the one who uses the defense mechanism. So as infants mature, their perceptions become more realistic and they no longer see the world in terms of partial objects and their egos become more integrated. So this is around 3 or 4 years old. So in the case of the superego, K. Freud, it produces anxiety, he said, right? But Klein said, no, it produces terror. So to Klein, young children fear being devoured, cut up, and turned into pieces. Fears that are greatly out of proportion to any realistic dangers. So Klein rejected Freud's notion that superego is a consequence of Oedipus complex. Instead, he said, superego grows with the superego. So she insisted that it grows along the Oedipus complex and finally emerges as realistic guilt after the Oedipus complex is resolved. So, the super ego is more harsh in the first place, but because of the Oedipus Complex, it will tone down. That's the point. According to Klein, the Oedipus Complex starts earlier, not 3 or 4. All of them are earlier than Klein. She hypothesized that during early stages, the Oedipus Complex serves the same for both genders. And the point of the Oedipus Complex for Klein is for the children to have positive feelings toward both parents union and golden edifice complex the by pairing cave right divine vegan and parent identification long with same sex same sex parent no I'm a simple but okay client para mas abina and goal and edifice complex is Pagka on good feelings in bata so parents both parents not only the male not only the female okay so The version of the Oedipus Complex is also different according to Klein. So Klein says that this is the story of the female Oedipus Complex. So the female says that she sees her mother in a normal setting or in a normal development. The female child will see her mother as a companion. Something like that. The female child fantasizes about Father Spanish as a giver of gifts to her mother. So, yung penis daw ng father is nagigib ng gifts sa kanyang mother. And will develop a good relationship with it. So, it goes smoothly. The child will have a good relationship with both parents. Parang ano sila? Parang ma-realize nung female na bata na that penis is a good thing. It gives gifts. So, therefore, yung gifts na yan mga child, children. Therefore, she will have a good relationship with the penis and of course, she will have a good relationship with the mother. Because they are like companions of her mother. In a less favorable development, the female will see the mother as her rival. The feeling of the female child is that her children are stealing her gifts from the penis of the father. And she will then project this impulse to her mother. Parang feeling ng bata nga. Kasi gusto nakawin ng bata yung anak ng nanay. And then ipoproject ngayon sa nanay na nanakawin niya yung anak ng bata. And therefore, magkakaroon sila ng bad relationship. Diba? Ang saya, no? Ang saya ng Oedipus Complex. So, ganun daw yung kwento ng Female Oedipus Complex. Sa Male Oedipus Complex, mas complicated. Medyo may homosexuality dito. So, the feminine... magkakaroon daw ng feminine position yung male kapag ishishift niya yung oral desires niya from the mother's breast to the father's penis. So next, he moves to a heterosexual relationship with his mother, but because of his previous homosexual feeling with his father, he has no fear that the father will castrate him. So in a normal development, magiging friends yung father and son. Tapos yung father is magkakaroon ng heterosexual relationship with the mother. In a psychic level lang, hindi yung intercourse level. Parang hindi siya mag-guilty kasi nga naging friends sila ng tatay niya. The boy must have good feeling about his father's penis before he can value his own. So as the boy matures, however, he develops oral sadistic impulses toward his father and wants to buy his penis and murder him. Para magpakaroon ng plot twist big lang. Okay, there are still some castration here. Psychoanalysis. So, this feeling surrounds castration anxiety and the fear that his father will retaliate against him by biting off his penis, which will convince him not to have sexual intercourse. So, because of that fear, the fear that his father will castrate him, the child will be able to stop having that sexual feeling with his mother. Because he feels that the ending will not be good. And then the boy's Oedipus complex is resolved only partially by his castration and scipy. A more important factor is his ability to establish positive relationship with both parents at the same time. So at that point, the boy sees his parents as whole objects, a condition that enables him to work through his depressive position. So these are the things that happen simultaneously. We just put them together so we can have an idea. but the front paranoid schizoid position, the... splitting, and then the depressive position, the projective introjection, sabay-sabay nangyayari yan. So hindi sila step-by-step. Kapanganak ng bata, yun nga may drive siya. And then yung mga drives na yun is nagko-compete. So therefore, mapipilitan ng bata na magkaroon ng paranoid schizoid position wherein nag-splitting siya, i-introject niya yung good breast, i-project niya yung bad breast. And then eventually, he will realize that the world is ambivalent. There are good and there are bad. So he will have a depressive position. He will have a thinking that he might be a bad person to his parents. Because he realized that his parents are independent. He is good and bad at the same time. And then the Oedipus complex at the same time will rise there. And after the Oedipus complex, that's where the personality development will be complete. The point here is that if something went wrong in the relationship of the child with the breast and eventually with the father and mother, eh, makakaroon ng problem sa personality. So that's how our object relations work. The object... Our relationship with our objects will determine our personality. If your first relationship with your object aka the breast is bad, generally bad, therefore, you will have a bad personality. Not a bad personality but a more abnormal personality. But if you have a good relationship with that, the relationship will be better. So eventually, these... The object relations of Melanie Klein is that there were updates. And these updates are three theories, actually four. Four of them developed further in this theory. So the first one that developed is Margaret Maller. Here, they're not too Freudian. There's no id, ego, super ego much. But the focus on relationship with the objects is still there. So, these are not neofroid anymore, these are contemporary ones. So, Margaret Mahler, an individual's psychological birth begins during first week of postnatal life and continues for the next three years. So, psychological birth means that the child becomes an individual separate from his primary caregiver. Because when you give birth to a child, especially infants, it's hard for them to separate. It's like they don't have an identity yet. Their identity is tied with their mother. It's like an extended pregnancy. That is special in humans. For example, in other animals, when they're born, they run away. For other children, it takes four years to give them identity, to give them independence. So once they have independence and individual separate individuality, that is already psychological birth, according to Mahler. So what are the stages of psychological birth? First stage is normal autism. This is 3 to 4 weeks old. 0 to 4 weeks. So newborn infant satisfied various needs within all-powerful protective orbit of the mother's care. What is this? In other words, all the needs of the child are in the mother and she gives everything. Neonates have a sense of omnipotence because like unhatched birds, their need... are cared for automatically without their having a sorry to expend any effort so she referred to normal autism as an objectless stage a time when an infant naturally searches for her mother's uh for his mother's breast so this is objectless because he didn't see the breast as an object He sees the breast as part of himself. It's connected to me. That's how he sees the breast. It's not a separate thing. Eventually, in the second stage, there will be a normal symbiosis. This happens when he's 4 to 5 weeks old. During this time, the infant behaves and functions as though he and his mother were an omnipotent system, a dual unity with one commandant. So if first, he feels like he's alone with his breast, now he has the idea that there's another being. Isn't symbiosis like that? Two beings helping each other to become more powerful. So that's symbiosis. Here, the child realizes that there's another being. There's another being that helps him. But he still feels omnipotent with the help of that being, with the help of that object. So by this age, the infant can recognize the mother's face and perceive her pleasure or distress. This is where you realize that, oh, there's a mother. Just kidding. Oh, my mother is here. She has a mother. So this object relation, however, object relations have not yet begun. Mother and others are still pre-objects. They are not objects, but they are pre-objects, meaning they already have something that connects to the child. And then the third stage, this is where separation and individuation happens. This happens between 5 months old to 36 months old. So 36 months is around 3 years old, right? So children become psychologically separated from their mothers, achieve sense of individuation, and begin to develop feelings of personal identity. So this is where individuality happens. It's like they're psychologically separated. Young children in separation individuation stage experience the external world as being more dangerous than it was during the first stages. So, here the omnipotence disappears. Here the sense of powerfulness of the child disappears because they realize that the world is very dangerous. So, it has four overlapping sub-stages. So first is differentiation, marked by a bodily breaking away from mother-infant symbiotic orbit. So if first, the mother and the child are in a fight, but eventually, the mother gives independence. And then practicing, children easily distinguish their body from their mother's, establish specific bond with their mother, and begin development of autonomous ego. This is where the child realizes that he is separate from the mother. And usually, one-year-old na to eh, dito na nagpa-practice, maglakad, mag-assert ng independence yung bata. And then, rapprochement, they desire to bring their mother and themselves back together, both physically and psychologically. This is 16 to 25 months. This is 2 to 3 years old. Kung mapapansin niyo yung mga bata, after nilang matutong maglakad, lagi sila naglalakad. Pero eventually, babalik na naman sila dun sa pagiging iki ng nanay niya or tail ng nanay niya, diba? Like, parang... In the story of the poor man, he is saying that he is a good man, he has a long hair, and he is also following his child because his mother wants to bring his child back. She wants to bring back that omnipotence. But eventually, it's not possible. So the last sub-stage is the libidinal object constancy. During this time, children must develop a constant inner representation of the mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her. So, ang magiging resolution niya sa reproachment is to have a representation of his mother sa kanyang isip. Para, kumbaga, alam niya na yung mother niya is nandyan pa din. Hindi siya iiwan. Kasi merong anxiety nga yung bata na baka iwan siya as in talagang nada, yung wala na talagang mother. But when the child thinks that his mother is still there, I mean in spirit, and eventually she will come back, or she will come back again, then it will be said that the child has a separated psychological birth. So libidinal object constancy. So any errors made in the first three years, the time of psychological birth, may result in later regression to a stage when a person had not yet achieve separation from other and that's a sense of personal identity. Kung nagkaroon ng problem dyan, ang tendency yung psychological birth is stillborn. Hindi siya mabirth talaga. So magkakaroon ng problem. Walang identity yung bata. Masyadong nakatay yung identity niya sa object. Hindi siya nagseparate. That's also a bad thing. Very different na siya kay Klein kasi wala ng ego, superego, edipus complex. But it's still object relations. Next is the Hines Cohort. Sorry, I'm in a hurry because we only had one meeting to talk about Claim. So Hines Cohort is emphasized that the process by which self evolves from a vague, undifferentiated image or clear and precise sense of individualized identity. So in Cohort, he said that self starts as vague, without identity. Like... isa siyang prototype lang. Wala siyang something. Eventually, magkakaroon ng sense of identity yung bata as he or she grows old with the help of the parents. So infant requires adult caregivers not only to gratify physical needs but also to satisfy basic psychological needs. So ano yung mga psychological needs na to? Yung mga psychological needs na to mamaya. Sige. So in caring for both physical and psychological needs, adults or self-objects treat infants as if they had a sense of self. So, as Kohot said, for the child to have a sense of identity, you should treat them as having a sense of identity. Let's go back to my observation that some parents, especially, well, some parents, they think that their children do not have a sense of identity when they are born. And the tendency is that they treat them as though they are just things or just animals or pets. That they don't understand. Hey, don't do that. He didn't understand that. They didn't understand that. The tendency is that they don't give the child a sense of individuality. So the tendency is that if you don't give the child a sense of individuality, he himself won't be able to sense that he is an individual person. So if you input something, that's his output. So the self gives unity and consistency to one's experiences, remains relatively stable over time, and is the center of initiative and recipient of impression. So it's a center of initiative, meaning kung may sense of identity ka, you know what you will be doing. And receptive impression, ibig sabihin, you can feel what others are doing to you. So the self is also the child's focus of interpersonal relations, shaping how he or she will relate to parents and solve objects. So yung self din yung parang nag-interpersonal relationship. Kung wala kang self, wala kang relationship. Anong i-coconnect mo sa iba kung wala kang i-coconnect? So infants are self-centered, looking out exclusively for their own welfare, and wishing to be admired for who they are and what they do. So they have two narcissistic needs, the need to exhibit grandiose self, and the need to acquire an idealized image of one or both parents. So this is the psychological need that Heinz and I are talking about, and our narcissistic needs. So as I've mentioned, everyone is a narcissist in their own way, because we are wired to be like that. We have two needs, grandiose self and idealized image of both parents. So grandiose exhibitionistic self is established when the infant relates to a mirroring self object who reflects approval of its behavior. So ito yung mga times na kung saan yung bata yung talaga nagpapasikat siya. Yung sayaw-sayaw siya, ganyan. Tapos iyaan na siya. Kung anong ginagawa ng matanda, yun yung gagawin niya. because he feels that the elderly will be the ones who will give... approval sa self niya, sa identity niya. So kapag yung bata is hindi mo pinansin, pag nagpapapansin siya na ganoon, ang tendency is bababa yung self-esteem niya. Pero kung masyado naman na binibigyan mo siya ng chance to become grandiose, to the point unrealistic na, magiging narcissistic yung bata. And then the idealized parent image naman is supposed to grandiose self because it implies that someone else is perfect. So yung idealized first... parent image naman is parang gagayahin niya yung parent. Kung baga, yung grandiose exhibitionistic self, it's all about, wait lang, ginagawa yung kodigo ko. It's all about if others see me as perfect, then I am perfect. Ang idealized parent image naman, it's all about you are perfect. Batayang ma part of you. So therefore, I'm also perfect. So kung, kung pag nagkakaroon sila ng idealized perfect image nung parents nila. Therefore, pag perfect yung parent nila, sila din perfect. Okay? So parang ganun yung ano nila. Pag both narcissistic self-image are necessary for healthy personality development, however, both must change as the child grows older. If they remain unaltered, they result in psych... pathologically narcissistic adult personality. So, yun nga, if masyado mong pinansin, masyado mong sa kumpangan, pinunume yung bata, magiging narcissistic yan. So, it's all about the balance. Talagang laging balance. Kaya tama si Yung. Joke lang. Hindi joke yun. Okay. So, yan. Next is yung kay John Bowlby naman. Nakikita nyo na, no? Wala ng psychodynamic perspective dito. Kay John Bowlby naman, it's the attachment. theory. He firmly believed that attachment formed during childhood have the important impact in adulthood because childhood attachment are crucial to later development. It will be argued that investigators should study children directly and not rely on distorted retrospective accounts of adults. Before, researchers asked the parents But Bolby said, why are you asking your parents? They're distorted. Of course, what perspective do they have? So it's the kids themselves who should talk. So he focused on separation anxiety. That's what he taught the kids. He said there are three stages. First is protest. The kid will protest. Maybe he'll be left behind. Then when he's left behind, he'll have despair. The kid will get emotional. and then detachment. Parang, sige, bala ka kung iiwan mo kung ayoko na rin sa'yo. That's detachment. So detachment, according to Bowlby, is unique to human beings. As mentioned, Bowlby believed that yung relationship natin with the caregiver, usually the mother, must create a secure base for child because kung ano yung unang relationship natin, ganun din yung magiging later relationships natin. Second assumption is that, attachment theory is that a bonding relationship or lack thereof becomes internalized and serves as a working model for future friendships and love relationships. So, basically, they're just saying what relationship you have with your mother is also a type of relationship you'll have with your mother. friends and special someone. If you are not in good terms with your parents, most likely daw, you will not be on good terms with every people that you will meet. Okay? So, yung Kayle Bowlby, wala siyang minentioned regarding sa types of attachment. Kasi ang gumawa ng types of attachment is si Mary Ainsworth na. So, Mary Ainsworth, heavily inspired by John Bowlby's... attachment theory created an experiment to determine what attachment styles meron yung mga bata. So yung strange situation, parang i-simulate lang yung separation anxiety. So nandyan yung bata, tapos yung caregiver niya ilalagay dun sa room, and then yung caregiver niya aalis. Tapos may mga toys yung bata. They did that to a lot of kids and they eventually learned that there are three types of attachment based on their reaction when the mother left. So the best attachment style is the secure attachment. When their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact. For example, they will go over their mother and want to be held. So those with secure attachment, when they left, there was a separation. Then the mother returned. Very accepting to their mother. So that is the secure attachment. Ibig sabihin, hindi sila nagkaroon ng detachment dun sa mother. Parang alam nila na safe sila sa mother nila. Then next is yung anxious-resistant attachment. Infants are ambivalent. When their mother leaves the room, they become unusually upset. And when their mother returns, they seek contact with her but reject attempts to be in-southed. So sa mga anxious-resistant attachment naman, uh They are very, like, the parent will leave, then they will cry, of course, that's natural. They will become upset. And then when the mother will come back, they will not accept the mother. Like, girl, you were crying earlier. Now your mother is here, you don't want to see her. Like that. So that is anxious-resistant attachment. Like, like a baby. And then next naman is yung anxious avoidant attachment which is this style. Infants they'll come when their mother leaves. They accept the stranger and when their mother turns, they ignore and avoid her. This is wapakil's attachment style. Very, hiniwan mo ako? Sige. Pakil lang sa'yo. Parang ganun siya. So ganun yung anxious avoidant attachment. Obviously, secure attachment is healthier. It means that the mother and the child have a good relationship. Therefore, the child is not afraid to leave her completely. But in anxious attachments, there is a thinking that the mother is detached. She doesn't trust the relationship that they have. According to Ainsworth, these attachment styles carry over until adulthood. So therefore, if you have a secure attachment with your mother, most likely daw kapag tanda mo is you will have a secure attachment with your friends and family. So yung mga ito is yung hindi insecure sa relationship. Hindi siloso, hindi silosa. Kasi alam nila secured sila. That the people around him or her will be always there. And then yung mga anxious resistant and anxious avoidant naman, they're most likely to have problematic relationship because they do not have the trust. They are not secure in their relationships. So they will have some feelings about it. Negative feelings specifically. Okay? So, Psychotherapy of Klein basically, this is only for Klein, not for later theorists. So Klein said, it's the same with psychoanalysis, but with the application for children. and negative transference can happen with children. How to do that? You will use play therapy. Instead of dream analysis or free association that Klein uses, what he will use is play therapy. Because in play therapy, that's where the unconscious of the child will appear. Watch the children how they are playing. That's what they will learn about what is in their unconscious. Because usually children... It's easy for children to access their unconscious since they're not that detached from their unconscious. So basically, it's the same with psychoanalysis. So, no problem. Okay, so my discussion was quick, right? So far, are there any questions? I hope you read the book. This is the fastest discussion in one hour. Okay. So, basically, how your relationship is with your mother or your caregiver, that's what your relationship will be in the future. So, If you're not able to do it in a proper way, the tendency is that you'll have problems with your personality. And if you're not able to do it properly, you should balance it. So, we'll extend this to Hornay because they have the same recommendations but different foundations. So, yeah. I will stop the recording.

You think Freud is weird, right? There are other weird things. I mean weird in a sense that it's hard to, it's very unusual to think or talk about these kinds of things.

But that's how psychology works. So psychology is a bit weird. So you should know that when you enter psychology.

We'll discuss the quiz later on. If anything happens in the quiz. So Melanie Klein claimed that her theories are quite Freudian but Freud himself did not acknowledge her.

So it's a bit sad but it's always like that. And then her daughter Melita was also a psychoanalyst and was hostile to her. And she focused on analyzing children as opposed to Freudian tradition of analyzing adults.

And her rival was Anna Freud. So these are the basic facts about her. But the main, probably the most important is her daughter. Has not, like hostile to her.

They will not follow her daughter. It's quite ironic because in her theory, she said that the relationship of mother and the child is the most important thing. In the development of personality. So, hmm, there's something, right? She's very ironic.

So her theory is what we call object relations theory. So object relations refer to the objects, which is objects of the drives. Later, we'll talk about why it's object relations.

So Klein insisted that infant drives, hunger, sex, and so forth, are directed to an object, a breast, penis, vagina, and so on. So, the drives of the infant, as you remember, they are almost the same as Freud's drives. So, there's a sex drive, there's a tanatos, there's a death drive, and of course, there's a hunger, a physiological drive, a hunger.

So, those drives usually have objects. So, these objects, these are the things they get or they use to relieve or to get rid of the tension of the drive. Because for example, you're hungry.

you need something but something is food therefore food is the object of hunger and of course sex is a drive and um so those are the objects so uh uh so according to klein child the child's relationship to the breast is fundamental and serves as the prototype for later relations to whole objects such as mother and father. So according to Klein, the first object that concerns the child is the breast because the breast gives everything. It gives the nourishment, it gives the...

The breast is not just hunger, it also gives sex, the sexual need and also the Thanatos, the destructive needs. Later, we'll talk about why that's the case. So, thus, Klein's ideas tend to shift the focus of psychoanalytic theory from organically based stages of development to the role of early fantasy in the formation of interpersonal relationships. So, Freud is very obsessed with the internal, the id, ego, superego, how those three interact.

wala siyang pakilam sa social relationships. Para sa kanya, para parehas lang na lahat ng mga tao, lahat ng mga bata ay galit sa mga magulang nila. But it's not the case.

Because according to K-Kline, it's ano, umaga pwede mong bago or pwede mong modify yun. So yun nga, the relationship of the child to the breast, kung gusto niya ba yung breast, kung good ba yung breast or bad ba yung breast, eh yun yung magiging prototype or yun yung magiging basis niya sa lahat na magiging future relationships niya. Because that is the prototype object. And yung objects kasi hindi lang naman yan yung limited sa food, breast, penis, or vagina.

Ang objects kasi eventually they will grow into the whole person na. So the relationship na, yung mga relationships sa mga tao. Okay? So wrap your head around that.

At first, it will be weird, but if you will learn the language of psychoanalysis, you won't be able to understand it. I know some of you will say, Huh? What?

No, it's okay. I'm like that too. But eventually, as you read, you'll understand. So some basic premise and assumption.

So object relations theory places less emphasis on biology, as I've said. She's focused on interpersonal relationship. And Freud is focused on the father.

Did you notice the Oedipus complex? It's all about the father, it's all about the male, it's all about the paternal side. And Klein said, no, that's not the case.

The relationship with the mother is still more important. So because the mother is giving the intimacy and nurture. And that intimacy and nurturing, that's our basis on our relationships. Last year, the saying that the mother lacks in her child's relationship, when the classmate's attitude is not good, they'll say, she lacks in her relationship. So that's her narrative.

She lacks in her relationship. The object relations of the child with the parent are not good. There will be problems in personality development.

So if you've watched Klein, it's almost the same. Although less emphasis on breasts than Kornay. More like this hostility and anxiety. And then object relations theories generally see human contact and relatedness, not sexual pleasure, as the prime motive of human behavior. This is what they've changed.

Klein said that sex is not something that people just want. human contact and relatedness. As of now, human contact is deprived by other people.

So others are depressed, they have problems with their mental health because we need that, we need human contact. It's not enough to just Google Meet or Zoom because eventually it will disappear. Eventually, you still need physical contact.

I hope COVID will end, although I doubt. Your online classes may be until next year, until next school year. Okay, so all the different drives may seem to have separate aims. Their underlying aim is always the same, to reduce tension, and that is to achieve pleasure. So the object of the drive is any person, part of a person, or thing through which the aim is satisfied, as I mentioned earlier.

Klein and other object-relation theorists begin with the basic assumption of Freud. and then speculate on how infants feel or fantasize early relations with mother or the breasts become a model for all later interpersonal relationships. So from now on, you will always remember that it all starts with Freud's example of ego, superego.

And then there are drives, sexual drives, death drives, aggressive drives. That's it. What we call...

Sa mga theories na to is psychodynamic theories. Lahat ng mga psychoanalysis based na theory, we call them psychodynamic theories. Tapos mula kina Klein, ang tawag dito is neo-Freudian psychology.

We can also say that Jung and Adler are neo-Freudian but their theory is very distinct kay Freud. For example, Adler and others because they are really different. Although they are still psychodynamic theorists, we cannot say that they are Neo-Freudian. Because their concept is different.

From now on, from Klein to Erickson, you will always remember that their basis is psychoanalysis. So if you don't get psychoanalysis, it will be hard for you to get the next theories. If you are not yet familiar with Freud, I suggest you read more so that you can understand it. But I guess you are familiar now, so that's not a problem. So, we'll start with Freud's premise.

That's the only difference along the way. In Klein's case, their main difference is that first, interpersonal relationship is the main motivator, not sex. And then, our relationship with the mother are the object, like the breast and the... And everything is the prototype of our relationships.

Freud doesn't have that. So an important portion of a relationship is the internal psychic representations of early significant objects such as mother's breast, father's penis that have been interjected or taken into the infant psychic structure. So here, One of the differences between Klein's theory and Freud's theory is that Freud's theory doesn't say much about infants. He said they are just a bunch of idds. They don't have an ego.

They cannot process anything. They are just there. They're just idd.

But according to Klein, that's not the case. Because Klein said that when a child is born, it has an idd ego, a super ego. However, the ego and superego are not yet developed like that, but they're still there.

So therefore, the child can process something. However, it's very primitive. It's not that sophisticated like the older ones. For example, the representations of early significant objects.

For example, the mother. The child will not see the whole mother when she gives birth. Ang unang makikita niya sa mother is yung breast.

Because yung breast lang yung may pake siya. Basically. Kasi yun yung nagpapakain sa kanya.

So, the way he or she, the infant, sees or treats the breast, kung yung breast ba yun is good or bad, eh dun ma-dedetermine if maganda yung magiging relationship nila. So, masiyahan na natin yun sa mga psychic life of infant. So, yun nga.

sabi ko nga, mas mabilis mag-develop yung bata according kay Klein, compared sa ano ni Freud. So infants do not begin with a blank slate. Meron silang predisposition for reducing anxiety caused by the conflict of life instinct and power of death instinct. So may life instinct na, may death instinct na yung bata.

Bata pa lang yan ha. So It's not true what people say. They say, Yeah, but he's just a kid. You don't understand that.

The kids understand what they're doing to him. This is, there's this misconception, especially in the Filipinos, or I don't know, maybe in the whole human race, that they think that children, infants, do not know what is happening around them. That's false.

Anything you do with them, or anything you do for them, or about them, or against them, they will remember. Not, remember in a kind of ah, this is what you did to my child, mommy. Not like that. They will remember in a primitive way in how they perceive the relationship.

So if you notice, the kids that they're just letting go when they grow up, they do not like their mothers. Because they remember, but not remember word for word, but they emotionally remember. They, The... They have this fantasy.

Kasi ang mga bata daw, may fantasy sila. PH yung ano yan. Fantasies are the psychic representations of unconscious instinct. They should not be confused with the conscious fantasies that older children and adults.

So yung mga fantasies na to, ito yung parang, kasi diba pagbata, hindi naman nilang word for word talaga yung nangyayari. So they have representations. Very archaic, very primitive nga.

representations and we call them fantasies. So ang fantasies na to, they are very simple. It's either you're good or bad.

So if the breast is not feeding them well, then that breast is bad. If the breast is feeding them, I mean, if the breast is feeding them not well, I mean, hindi pinapakain masyado, bad yung breast. Kapag naman yung breast is pinapakain sila, wala silang pakilam sa nanay, yung breast lang. the breast is good if that's the case.

So that's how simple their thinking is. That's why they really remember. And then, Klein would say that infants who fall asleep while sucking on their figures are fantasizing about their mother's good breast inside themselves.

So hungry infants who cry and kick, they are fantasizing of destroying the bad breast. So if they feel like the breast is good, they will... they will try to interject it they will try to uh if we i try not to be logical too much uh and if they're the breast is bad they will try to project it, they will try to remove it from their personalities.

And they will kick, they will cry. So that's fantasies, that's how fantasies work. So fantasies, of course, work in tandem with objects.

So as I've said, the objects are the objects of the drives. So the earliest object relations are with the mother's breast. But very soon, interest develops in the face, and then the hands, and then the whole mother that attends to his needs or gratifies them. So objects, as I said earlier, objects start with a simple thing, and that simple thing is breast.

This is applicable for both male and female. So this might also explain why both males and females like breasts, because that is the first object they have a relationship with. at least in their fantasies.

Okay? So that's how you know. And so, that's probably more obvious for males because males are more likely to show their sexuality while females are less likely to show their sexuality. But it's the same thing.

Both males and females like breasts, no matter how you deny it. So that's, maybe the explanation is that the breast is our first relationship. With the world, actually. Not only in general, but your world is really just that. So, these fantasies, these objects, it happens, like, the kids always have fantasies with regards to the objects.

yun nga lang nag It changes depending on the time or depending on the development stage. So, Klein doesn't want to call it developmental stages. What he wants to call it is positions.

Why positions? Because if it's stages of development, the timeline is too constricting, the technicalities are too constricting. So, it's better if it's just positions. Because sometimes, it changes.

The position changes every now and then. But it's not that strict, unlike development. So the positions that the child has, his birthplace, is two. Paranoid schizoid position, that's the first. And then later life, or later infancy, is depressive position.

So these positions are an attempt to deal with the dichotomy of good and bad feelings. As I've mentioned, fantasies are all about good and bad, life and death. If the breast is giving life, that is good.

If the breast is giving aggressive tendencies, parang hindi binibigayin gusto mo, that is death instinct. Gusto mong sirain, gusto mong i-destroy yung breast because it's not good, it's bad. So infants organize their experience into positions or ways of dealing with both internal and external objects.

So, ang unang position is yung paranoid schizoid position. A way of organizing experience that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and the splitting of internal and external objects into good and bad. So, paranoid schizoid, it's more of paranoid yung bata. Kasi yung bata, yun nga, meron siyang life and death instinct.

Yung death instinct is ayaw niya. He doesn't want to feel it. It's like an ebion.

So, because he doesn't want to feel it, internally or externally, internally means that he has an aggressive tendency, and externally, the breast is not giving him what he wants, so that he won't feel that he's being persecuted by a bad breast. What he'll do is split it. He'll make it different. There's a version of a good breast, there's a version of a bad breast in him.

That's splitting. So that he won't... That's only one breast.

If he labels it as a bad breast, he won't label it as a good breast. Because that's how simple their fantasy is. But if the kid will split it, there are two breasts, a good breast and a bad breast, and then the good breast will take it, he will interject it to himself, then he or she will feel good. And then the bad breast will project it, and then there's no more debt.

instinct sa kanya or mawawala yung feelings ng death instinct sa kanya. So that is paranoid schizoid. Para mawala yung persecutory feelings ng bad breast which all children feels internally man or externally. And then eventually mapupunta siya sa depressive position. The feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object.

So sa depressive position naman eventually after ng paranoid schizoid, mati-realize ng bata na he doesn't want the object to disappear. She's afraid to leave the object. So the object here, usually they're not just breasts, they will start to recognize the mother herself.

They will, but it's still the breast, okay? They will have the feeling or anxiety that, I might leave this breast. So, and then coupled with sense of guilt, because there are times that the breast wants to be destroyed, as we've mentioned in paranoid schizoid, so the child gets depressed. he's in a depressive position. But this is different from personality disorders.

These are just positions. Client just adopted the names because they sound the same. I mean, they sound essentially the same in their essence, in their function. So, paranoid schizoid, the desire to control the breast by devouring or harboring it, at the same time, in destructive urges. That's what I'm saying.

They have the biting or tearing tendencies. So, So, yun, diniscuss ko na pala siya. Okay, so this proverbial splitting of the world into good and bad serve as a prototype for subsequent development of ambivalent feelings towards a single person. If ang bata is hindi nakamove on dun sa splitting good and bad, eh, magkakaroon siya ng simple worldview.

Pag tenda niya is magkakaroon siya ng worldview na kung saan simple lang lahat. It's either good ka or bad ka. If that's the case, that's immature. Because the world is neither good or bad. It's a mix of good and bad.

If a person cannot have the ambivalent feeling, there are times when there's this person, or there's this person in our lives, friend or special someone, that we love them and hate them at the same time. Because that's just it. It's complicated. There are people who are super perfectionists.

If they see something that is not good in a person, they will automatically assume that that person is bad. That means, according to Klein, that person who is just looking at the world in black and white, good or bad, they are not able to move on from their paranoid schizoid position. They have this tendency to be perfectionists. They have this tendency to be narrow-minded.

It's either you are good or bad. And it's either you are... dilawan or you are DDS. It's not that simple because the world is not that simple. If, if, ang tawag dyan is false dichotomy.

There's no such thing as good and bad only. There is such thing as you are mostly good but you have bad sides and you have, you're very bad and you have some good sides. That's how the world works.

Now, if you think that the world works in black and white, you're either good and bad, you'll shift your course. Because in psychology, if you cannot have that ambivalent feelings or ambivalent opinions, then you are not worthy of becoming a psychology major. Because people are good and bad at the same time. Okay? That's it.

Gray area, yeah. Uh, not... Fairy tales are not true.

evil or the evil and the good they always feel no that's not true so most of the time the evil are succeeding most of the time they are good are not succeeding but eventually it's not about the results it's all about the journey it's not about the destination it's about the journey anyway that's another topic for another day but the point is uh children use good and bad label but Adults do not use that. If you still use that and you're an adult, then you are still a kid. You just have money. So, next.

Depressive position naman. Eventually, they will realize that the person will... magkakaroonalistic picture ng mother. And recognizes that she is an independent person. So, kung baga nung una kasi, akala ng bata, yung breast is nandyan lang forever.

Parang yun yung world niya, literally. But eventually, she realizes that the breast can go. She can also leave. And then, she is an independent who can be both good and bad.

The ego is beginning to mature to this point. She is already having an ego, a relationship with the external world, as opposed to the paranoid schizoid that is internal to everything. And then, the ego is beginning to mature and can tolerate some of its destructive feelings rather than projecting them outward. So as I mentioned earlier, they're splitting, the kids, the infants. They're projecting the bad side of them to the bad breast.

And then eventually, they realize that it's not allowed because we all have our dark sides. So the infant realizes that the mother might go away and be lost forever, feeling the possible loss of the mother. The infant tries to protect her, keep her from danger of its own destructive forces, those carnivalistic impulses that has previously been projected onto her.

So he will have an urge to protect the mother from himself. Because that's right, when he was a kid, he wanted to break his breast. But the infant's ego is mature enough to realize that it lacks the capacity to protect the mother, and thus the infant experiences guilt.

So parang, ay, hindi ko pala mapipigilan sarili ko. Magigilte yung bata. So the depressive position is resolved when the children fantasize that they have made reparations for their previous transgression, and when they recognize that their mother will not go away permanently but will return after each departure.

So matatapos lang a depressive position. Kapag natanggap na ng anak or nakatanggap na ng bata na kumbaga ipo-forgive niya yung sarili niya dun sa mga death instinct niya or dun sa mga destructive behaviors niya. And then ma-accept niya na hindi naman forever aalis yung nanay.

Babalik din siya at babalik din siya. Ngayon, if hindi bumalik yung nanay or feeling yung batay, hindi bumalik yung nanay, ah, dun magkakaroon na naman ang problema. Okay? So as you can see, there is a problem when the personality development is not in good resolution.

So same thing with Melanie Klein. Okay? So they are able not only to experience love from the mother but also display their own love for her when the depressive position becomes successful. An incomplete resolution of the depressive position can result in lack of trust.

morbid mourning, the loss of a loved one, and variety of psychic disorders. That's what I said. If the child didn't realize or failed to realize that the parent will not return, or the parent will return, for example, the parent will not return, or the parent will not notice, there will be a lack of trust.

And this lack of trust will... Carry over hanggang pagtanda ng bata. Hindi lang ito magiging limited sa kanyang childhood, ma-spill over ito sa kanyang adult life. Kaya yun nga yung mga sinasabi ng mga student na kulang sa aruga, eh totoo yun. Kapag kulang sa aruga yung bata, most likely wala siyang tiwala sa ibang tao.

And kapag wala siyang tiwala sa ibang tao, eh talagang gagawa siya ng mga bagay na hindi magugusta ng ibang tao. Kasi nga, wala siyang tiwala. So, the things we mentioned earlier, you can see I'm talking about defense mechanisms like splitting, interjecting, and projection.

So, these psychic defense mechanisms are used by the children to protect themselves from their own death instinct. As I mentioned, the child has two instincts, death and life instinct. So, to resolve those two, or to reduce the anxiety, they use defense mechanisms. So, the first defense mechanism is interjection. ah dito i incorporate ng bata yung good thing sa kanyang personality for example the good breast ah and then the projection naman for example yun nga merong ah merong bad instinct or merong death instinct yung bata ang gagawin niya is papasa niya sa bad breast projection ah ngayon as i've mentioned kanina siyempre kahit literal na dalawa yung breast e iisa pa rin yung breast so how will they how will they know if How will they interject and project if there's only one breast?

They will split. They will split the breast. There are good breasts and there are bad breasts. There are two versions of breasts. So by splitting, they can merge.

There are some who merge. By splitting, they can merge. But ironically, yes. By splitting the breast, they can hold two beliefs.

Two. incompatible beliefs at the same time. Those incompatible beliefs is that that breast is good and bad. So they will split it.

And then the most complicated defense mechanism according to Klein is the projective identification. It's a combination of projection and interjection. So what a child or a person will do, even adults do this, is that The bad instincts that they have, the bad impulses that they have, is they will project it on a person. They know that they're projecting it on people, usually close relatives or close relationships, so that person can clean up that impulse. And then eventually, when he cleans up, he will interject it on himself.

It's like he's just washing away the bad impulse from other people. So this psychic defense mechanism is which inflates split of unacceptable parts of themselves, project them into another object, and finally interject them back to themselves in a changed or distorted form. So for example, those who have masochistic and sadistic tendencies, that's like SM, right?

Those sadists, they will project their sadism to the person that is masochist. They will also project their sadism, and then that masochist person will accept that. It's like there's a good thing for them. And then eventually, the person will interject his bad side, that it's not all that bad, the one in December.

So, that's it. It's a bit dark, but in that context, in my example, it's very dark. But it tends to also be a good thing.

Not just... In your example, in the book, it's about their couple. You can read that. Sorry, I just thought of something that's a bit dark. But there are mild examples of projective identification.

The point is you project your bad thing onto a good, onto something, an object or a person, usually a person or part of the person in children's case. And then you will, that impulse is... transformed and then you will interject it again.

Medyo complicated, no? Bakit di mo nalang baguhin sa isip mo? Well, logic doesn't apply in psychoanalysis.

Okay, so internalizations, same with Freud, meron nga yung ego tsaka super ego. Although yung Kay Klein, yes, I've mentioned ego is developed earlier, kubaga at birth meron na, it's strong enough to feel anxiety and use defense mechanism. from early object relations in both fantasy and reality.

Super Ego, there's also. That's just the thing, Freud said that a 3-4 year old will have a super ego. Klein said no, the super ego will appear earlier. And the super ego is more harsh and cruel, according to Klein.

So the ego, it becomes, that's what I said earlier, it appears earlier. He is the one who determines the good and bad, he is also the one who uses the defense mechanism. So as infants mature, their perceptions become more realistic and they no longer see the world in terms of partial objects and their egos become more integrated. So this is around 3 or 4 years old. So in the case of the superego, K.

Freud, it produces anxiety, he said, right? But Klein said, no, it produces terror. So to Klein, young children fear being devoured, cut up, and turned into pieces. Fears that are greatly out of proportion to any realistic dangers. So Klein rejected Freud's notion that superego is a consequence of Oedipus complex.

Instead, he said, superego grows with the superego. So she insisted that it grows along the Oedipus complex and finally emerges as realistic guilt after the Oedipus complex is resolved. So, the super ego is more harsh in the first place, but because of the Oedipus Complex, it will tone down.

That's the point. According to Klein, the Oedipus Complex starts earlier, not 3 or 4. All of them are earlier than Klein. She hypothesized that during early stages, the Oedipus Complex serves the same for both genders.

And the point of the Oedipus Complex for Klein is for the children to have positive feelings toward both parents union and golden edifice complex the by pairing cave right divine vegan and parent identification long with same sex same sex parent no I'm a simple but okay client para mas abina and goal and edifice complex is Pagka on good feelings in bata so parents both parents not only the male not only the female okay so The version of the Oedipus Complex is also different according to Klein. So Klein says that this is the story of the female Oedipus Complex. So the female says that she sees her mother in a normal setting or in a normal development.

The female child will see her mother as a companion. Something like that. The female child fantasizes about Father Spanish as a giver of gifts to her mother. So, yung penis daw ng father is nagigib ng gifts sa kanyang mother. And will develop a good relationship with it.

So, it goes smoothly. The child will have a good relationship with both parents. Parang ano sila? Parang ma-realize nung female na bata na that penis is a good thing. It gives gifts.

So, therefore, yung gifts na yan mga child, children. Therefore, she will have a good relationship with the penis and of course, she will have a good relationship with the mother. Because they are like companions of her mother.

In a less favorable development, the female will see the mother as her rival. The feeling of the female child is that her children are stealing her gifts from the penis of the father. And she will then project this impulse to her mother. Parang feeling ng bata nga.

Kasi gusto nakawin ng bata yung anak ng nanay. And then ipoproject ngayon sa nanay na nanakawin niya yung anak ng bata. And therefore, magkakaroon sila ng bad relationship. Diba?

Ang saya, no? Ang saya ng Oedipus Complex. So, ganun daw yung kwento ng Female Oedipus Complex. Sa Male Oedipus Complex, mas complicated.

Medyo may homosexuality dito. So, the feminine... magkakaroon daw ng feminine position yung male kapag ishishift niya yung oral desires niya from the mother's breast to the father's penis.

So next, he moves to a heterosexual relationship with his mother, but because of his previous homosexual feeling with his father, he has no fear that the father will castrate him. So in a normal development, magiging friends yung father and son. Tapos yung father is magkakaroon ng heterosexual relationship with the mother.

In a psychic level lang, hindi yung intercourse level. Parang hindi siya mag-guilty kasi nga naging friends sila ng tatay niya. The boy must have good feeling about his father's penis before he can value his own. So as the boy matures, however, he develops oral sadistic impulses toward his father and wants to buy his penis and murder him.

Para magpakaroon ng plot twist big lang. Okay, there are still some castration here. Psychoanalysis. So, this feeling surrounds castration anxiety and the fear that his father will retaliate against him by biting off his penis, which will convince him not to have sexual intercourse. So, because of that fear, the fear that his father will castrate him, the child will be able to stop having that sexual feeling with his mother.

Because he feels that the ending will not be good. And then the boy's Oedipus complex is resolved only partially by his castration and scipy. A more important factor is his ability to establish positive relationship with both parents at the same time.

So at that point, the boy sees his parents as whole objects, a condition that enables him to work through his depressive position. So these are the things that happen simultaneously. We just put them together so we can have an idea.

but the front paranoid schizoid position, the... splitting, and then the depressive position, the projective introjection, sabay-sabay nangyayari yan. So hindi sila step-by-step. Kapanganak ng bata, yun nga may drive siya. And then yung mga drives na yun is nagko-compete.

So therefore, mapipilitan ng bata na magkaroon ng paranoid schizoid position wherein nag-splitting siya, i-introject niya yung good breast, i-project niya yung bad breast. And then eventually, he will realize that the world is ambivalent. There are good and there are bad.

So he will have a depressive position. He will have a thinking that he might be a bad person to his parents. Because he realized that his parents are independent. He is good and bad at the same time.

And then the Oedipus complex at the same time will rise there. And after the Oedipus complex, that's where the personality development will be complete. The point here is that if something went wrong in the relationship of the child with the breast and eventually with the father and mother, eh, makakaroon ng problem sa personality. So that's how our object relations work.

The object... Our relationship with our objects will determine our personality. If your first relationship with your object aka the breast is bad, generally bad, therefore, you will have a bad personality.

Not a bad personality but a more abnormal personality. But if you have a good relationship with that, the relationship will be better. So eventually, these...

The object relations of Melanie Klein is that there were updates. And these updates are three theories, actually four. Four of them developed further in this theory. So the first one that developed is Margaret Maller. Here, they're not too Freudian.

There's no id, ego, super ego much. But the focus on relationship with the objects is still there. So, these are not neofroid anymore, these are contemporary ones. So, Margaret Mahler, an individual's psychological birth begins during first week of postnatal life and continues for the next three years. So, psychological birth means that the child becomes an individual separate from his primary caregiver.

Because when you give birth to a child, especially infants, it's hard for them to separate. It's like they don't have an identity yet. Their identity is tied with their mother. It's like an extended pregnancy.

That is special in humans. For example, in other animals, when they're born, they run away. For other children, it takes four years to give them identity, to give them independence. So once they have independence and individual separate individuality, that is already psychological birth, according to Mahler. So what are the stages of psychological birth?

First stage is normal autism. This is 3 to 4 weeks old. 0 to 4 weeks. So newborn infant satisfied various needs within all-powerful protective orbit of the mother's care. What is this?

In other words, all the needs of the child are in the mother and she gives everything. Neonates have a sense of omnipotence because like unhatched birds, their need... are cared for automatically without their having a sorry to expend any effort so she referred to normal autism as an objectless stage a time when an infant naturally searches for her mother's uh for his mother's breast so this is objectless because he didn't see the breast as an object He sees the breast as part of himself. It's connected to me. That's how he sees the breast.

It's not a separate thing. Eventually, in the second stage, there will be a normal symbiosis. This happens when he's 4 to 5 weeks old. During this time, the infant behaves and functions as though he and his mother were an omnipotent system, a dual unity with one commandant. So if first, he feels like he's alone with his breast, now he has the idea that there's another being.

Isn't symbiosis like that? Two beings helping each other to become more powerful. So that's symbiosis.

Here, the child realizes that there's another being. There's another being that helps him. But he still feels omnipotent with the help of that being, with the help of that object.

So by this age, the infant can recognize the mother's face and perceive her pleasure or distress. This is where you realize that, oh, there's a mother. Just kidding.

Oh, my mother is here. She has a mother. So this object relation, however, object relations have not yet begun.

Mother and others are still pre-objects. They are not objects, but they are pre-objects, meaning they already have something that connects to the child. And then the third stage, this is where separation and individuation happens.

This happens between 5 months old to 36 months old. So 36 months is around 3 years old, right? So children become psychologically separated from their mothers, achieve sense of individuation, and begin to develop feelings of personal identity. So this is where individuality happens.

It's like they're psychologically separated. Young children in separation individuation stage experience the external world as being more dangerous than it was during the first stages. So, here the omnipotence disappears.

Here the sense of powerfulness of the child disappears because they realize that the world is very dangerous. So, it has four overlapping sub-stages. So first is differentiation, marked by a bodily breaking away from mother-infant symbiotic orbit.

So if first, the mother and the child are in a fight, but eventually, the mother gives independence. And then practicing, children easily distinguish their body from their mother's, establish specific bond with their mother, and begin development of autonomous ego. This is where the child realizes that he is separate from the mother.

And usually, one-year-old na to eh, dito na nagpa-practice, maglakad, mag-assert ng independence yung bata. And then, rapprochement, they desire to bring their mother and themselves back together, both physically and psychologically. This is 16 to 25 months.

This is 2 to 3 years old. Kung mapapansin niyo yung mga bata, after nilang matutong maglakad, lagi sila naglalakad. Pero eventually, babalik na naman sila dun sa pagiging iki ng nanay niya or tail ng nanay niya, diba? Like, parang...

In the story of the poor man, he is saying that he is a good man, he has a long hair, and he is also following his child because his mother wants to bring his child back. She wants to bring back that omnipotence. But eventually, it's not possible. So the last sub-stage is the libidinal object constancy. During this time, children must develop a constant inner representation of the mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her.

So, ang magiging resolution niya sa reproachment is to have a representation of his mother sa kanyang isip. Para, kumbaga, alam niya na yung mother niya is nandyan pa din. Hindi siya iiwan.

Kasi merong anxiety nga yung bata na baka iwan siya as in talagang nada, yung wala na talagang mother. But when the child thinks that his mother is still there, I mean in spirit, and eventually she will come back, or she will come back again, then it will be said that the child has a separated psychological birth. So libidinal object constancy.

So any errors made in the first three years, the time of psychological birth, may result in later regression to a stage when a person had not yet achieve separation from other and that's a sense of personal identity. Kung nagkaroon ng problem dyan, ang tendency yung psychological birth is stillborn. Hindi siya mabirth talaga. So magkakaroon ng problem.

Walang identity yung bata. Masyadong nakatay yung identity niya sa object. Hindi siya nagseparate. That's also a bad thing.

Very different na siya kay Klein kasi wala ng ego, superego, edipus complex. But it's still object relations. Next is the Hines Cohort.

Sorry, I'm in a hurry because we only had one meeting to talk about Claim. So Hines Cohort is emphasized that the process by which self evolves from a vague, undifferentiated image or clear and precise sense of individualized identity. So in Cohort, he said that self starts as vague, without identity.

Like... isa siyang prototype lang. Wala siyang something.

Eventually, magkakaroon ng sense of identity yung bata as he or she grows old with the help of the parents. So infant requires adult caregivers not only to gratify physical needs but also to satisfy basic psychological needs. So ano yung mga psychological needs na to? Yung mga psychological needs na to mamaya. Sige.

So in caring for both physical and psychological needs, adults or self-objects treat infants as if they had a sense of self. So, as Kohot said, for the child to have a sense of identity, you should treat them as having a sense of identity. Let's go back to my observation that some parents, especially, well, some parents, they think that their children do not have a sense of identity when they are born. And the tendency is that they treat them as though they are just things or just animals or pets.

That they don't understand. Hey, don't do that. He didn't understand that.

They didn't understand that. The tendency is that they don't give the child a sense of individuality. So the tendency is that if you don't give the child a sense of individuality, he himself won't be able to sense that he is an individual person. So if you input something, that's his output. So the self gives unity and consistency to one's experiences, remains relatively stable over time, and is the center of initiative and recipient of impression.

So it's a center of initiative, meaning kung may sense of identity ka, you know what you will be doing. And receptive impression, ibig sabihin, you can feel what others are doing to you. So the self is also the child's focus of interpersonal relations, shaping how he or she will relate to parents and solve objects.

So yung self din yung parang nag-interpersonal relationship. Kung wala kang self, wala kang relationship. Anong i-coconnect mo sa iba kung wala kang i-coconnect? So infants are self-centered, looking out exclusively for their own welfare, and wishing to be admired for who they are and what they do.

So they have two narcissistic needs, the need to exhibit grandiose self, and the need to acquire an idealized image of one or both parents. So this is the psychological need that Heinz and I are talking about, and our narcissistic needs. So as I've mentioned, everyone is a narcissist in their own way, because we are wired to be like that.

We have two needs, grandiose self and idealized image of both parents. So grandiose exhibitionistic self is established when the infant relates to a mirroring self object who reflects approval of its behavior. So ito yung mga times na kung saan yung bata yung talaga nagpapasikat siya.

Yung sayaw-sayaw siya, ganyan. Tapos iyaan na siya. Kung anong ginagawa ng matanda, yun yung gagawin niya.

because he feels that the elderly will be the ones who will give... approval sa self niya, sa identity niya. So kapag yung bata is hindi mo pinansin, pag nagpapapansin siya na ganoon, ang tendency is bababa yung self-esteem niya. Pero kung masyado naman na binibigyan mo siya ng chance to become grandiose, to the point unrealistic na, magiging narcissistic yung bata. And then the idealized parent image naman is supposed to grandiose self because it implies that someone else is perfect.

So yung idealized first... parent image naman is parang gagayahin niya yung parent. Kung baga, yung grandiose exhibitionistic self, it's all about, wait lang, ginagawa yung kodigo ko. It's all about if others see me as perfect, then I am perfect. Ang idealized parent image naman, it's all about you are perfect.

Batayang ma part of you. So therefore, I'm also perfect. So kung, kung pag nagkakaroon sila ng idealized perfect image nung parents nila.

Therefore, pag perfect yung parent nila, sila din perfect. Okay? So parang ganun yung ano nila. Pag both narcissistic self-image are necessary for healthy personality development, however, both must change as the child grows older.

If they remain unaltered, they result in psych... pathologically narcissistic adult personality. So, yun nga, if masyado mong pinansin, masyado mong sa kumpangan, pinunume yung bata, magiging narcissistic yan. So, it's all about the balance.

Talagang laging balance. Kaya tama si Yung. Joke lang. Hindi joke yun.

Okay. So, yan. Next is yung kay John Bowlby naman.

Nakikita nyo na, no? Wala ng psychodynamic perspective dito. Kay John Bowlby naman, it's the attachment.

theory. He firmly believed that attachment formed during childhood have the important impact in adulthood because childhood attachment are crucial to later development. It will be argued that investigators should study children directly and not rely on distorted retrospective accounts of adults.

Before, researchers asked the parents But Bolby said, why are you asking your parents? They're distorted. Of course, what perspective do they have?

So it's the kids themselves who should talk. So he focused on separation anxiety. That's what he taught the kids. He said there are three stages. First is protest.

The kid will protest. Maybe he'll be left behind. Then when he's left behind, he'll have despair. The kid will get emotional.

and then detachment. Parang, sige, bala ka kung iiwan mo kung ayoko na rin sa'yo. That's detachment.

So detachment, according to Bowlby, is unique to human beings. As mentioned, Bowlby believed that yung relationship natin with the caregiver, usually the mother, must create a secure base for child because kung ano yung unang relationship natin, ganun din yung magiging later relationships natin. Second assumption is that, attachment theory is that a bonding relationship or lack thereof becomes internalized and serves as a working model for future friendships and love relationships.

So, basically, they're just saying what relationship you have with your mother is also a type of relationship you'll have with your mother. friends and special someone. If you are not in good terms with your parents, most likely daw, you will not be on good terms with every people that you will meet.

Okay? So, yung Kayle Bowlby, wala siyang minentioned regarding sa types of attachment. Kasi ang gumawa ng types of attachment is si Mary Ainsworth na. So, Mary Ainsworth, heavily inspired by John Bowlby's...

attachment theory created an experiment to determine what attachment styles meron yung mga bata. So yung strange situation, parang i-simulate lang yung separation anxiety. So nandyan yung bata, tapos yung caregiver niya ilalagay dun sa room, and then yung caregiver niya aalis. Tapos may mga toys yung bata. They did that to a lot of kids and they eventually learned that there are three types of attachment based on their reaction when the mother left.

So the best attachment style is the secure attachment. When their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact. For example, they will go over their mother and want to be held.

So those with secure attachment, when they left, there was a separation. Then the mother returned. Very accepting to their mother. So that is the secure attachment.

Ibig sabihin, hindi sila nagkaroon ng detachment dun sa mother. Parang alam nila na safe sila sa mother nila. Then next is yung anxious-resistant attachment.

Infants are ambivalent. When their mother leaves the room, they become unusually upset. And when their mother returns, they seek contact with her but reject attempts to be in-southed.

So sa mga anxious-resistant attachment naman, uh They are very, like, the parent will leave, then they will cry, of course, that's natural. They will become upset. And then when the mother will come back, they will not accept the mother.

Like, girl, you were crying earlier. Now your mother is here, you don't want to see her. Like that.

So that is anxious-resistant attachment. Like, like a baby. And then next naman is yung anxious avoidant attachment which is this style.

Infants they'll come when their mother leaves. They accept the stranger and when their mother turns, they ignore and avoid her. This is wapakil's attachment style.

Very, hiniwan mo ako? Sige. Pakil lang sa'yo. Parang ganun siya.

So ganun yung anxious avoidant attachment. Obviously, secure attachment is healthier. It means that the mother and the child have a good relationship.

Therefore, the child is not afraid to leave her completely. But in anxious attachments, there is a thinking that the mother is detached. She doesn't trust the relationship that they have.

According to Ainsworth, these attachment styles carry over until adulthood. So therefore, if you have a secure attachment with your mother, most likely daw kapag tanda mo is you will have a secure attachment with your friends and family. So yung mga ito is yung hindi insecure sa relationship.

Hindi siloso, hindi silosa. Kasi alam nila secured sila. That the people around him or her will be always there. And then yung mga anxious resistant and anxious avoidant naman, they're most likely to have problematic relationship because they do not have the trust. They are not secure in their relationships.

So they will have some feelings about it. Negative feelings specifically. Okay? So, Psychotherapy of Klein basically, this is only for Klein, not for later theorists.

So Klein said, it's the same with psychoanalysis, but with the application for children. and negative transference can happen with children. How to do that? You will use play therapy.

Instead of dream analysis or free association that Klein uses, what he will use is play therapy. Because in play therapy, that's where the unconscious of the child will appear. Watch the children how they are playing. That's what they will learn about what is in their unconscious. Because usually children...

It's easy for children to access their unconscious since they're not that detached from their unconscious. So basically, it's the same with psychoanalysis. So, no problem.

Okay, so my discussion was quick, right? So far, are there any questions? I hope you read the book.

This is the fastest discussion in one hour. Okay. So, basically, how your relationship is with your mother or your caregiver, that's what your relationship will be in the future. So, If you're not able to do it in a proper way, the tendency is that you'll have problems with your personality.

And if you're not able to do it properly, you should balance it. So, we'll extend this to Hornay because they have the same recommendations but different foundations. So, yeah.

I will stop the recording.

Transcript for:Object Relations Theory Overview

Transcript for:
Object Relations Theory Overview