hi everyone uh this week we're going to start by looking at the industrial revolution this is going to be our kickoff to unit 2 lecture this lecture has been divided into three parts the first part is going to talk about the technological innovations that lead to the industrial revolution then we're going to look at its impacts on europe and the world and then finally we're going to look at its impacts on society so this first video is going to cover the technological innovation the middle the second video is going to cover impacts on europe and global society and then the last section is going to talk about the impacts directly on society and labor so you'll only see the key terms here on this first slide you won't see them in the other two videos so make sure to get these written down they will also be in the outline if you've downloaded it so let's go ahead and get started let me give a little bit of an introduction uh as we sort of set the stage for this unit so the scientific revolution and the enlightenment that we discussed in our first lecture of the semester ushered in a new world view for many in europe this new world view embraced research experimentation and an understanding and eventually mastery over the natural world all of which would help promote rapid industrialization throughout europe and global society new methods of farming crops imported from the colonies in the americas and elsewhere allowed europeans to become more efficient and productive in their farming which increased efficiency and with these increasing modes of efficiency and food supplies meant the population was also increasing this means more workers to bring about even more industrialization so this is the world that we are entering uh with unit two we're entering the late 1800s early 1900s we're seeing the rapid results of industrialization and expanding colonialism and throughout unit 2 we're going to see how this industrialization not only impacts the imperial machine but its impact on uh global conflict and how industrialization sort of exacerbates um leading up to these global conflicts so this image here on the first slide is to show you the technological innovations of the industrial evolution in agriculture right we have um a plow we have reapers um but also in with horse carts right so we have this dual moving away from the technologies of the old and in with this more industrialized method of agriculture and then even in production so the industrial revolution in england is going to be our sort of case study that launches this lecture set for the week and this is because england is considered the birthplace of the industrial revolution in europe during the 18th and 19th centuries so this would be the 1800s and the 1700s although many historians still debate the reasons for why the industrial revolution began in england there is some consensus that england had a set of unique circumstances compared to the rest of europe and the east england had abundant coal deposits high wages a relatively stable centralized government a well-developed financial system to support industry and the benefits of an extremely far-reaching empire so all of these things are very helpful when you're trying to industrialize so think about england right um their monarchy had survived civil war uh so their government was not going through the turmoil that was facing the french or the german states or italy right their government is for the most part at this time relatively stable and we'll see more of how they compare to other european nations in the next lecture england has the financial resources to invest in industrialization so remember not only do they control their own territory of england but they also control scotland they control whales northern ireland they are controlling um the americas right they have colonies in canada they have colonies in the caribbean they have colonies in asia uh so the british empire india so the british empire is huge in the 19th century in early 20th century so we're seeing the results of raw materials being brought in uh the things that are necessary for industrial production so england really is the prime spot and this is because of their imperial power uh this is because of their geographic location and then also their um political policies for it imperialism and perhaps the most important piece of developing the infrastructure for industrialization in england was the government's very aggressive tax policy britain collected twice as many taxes from its citizens as the french and they spent that tax money on developing their navy which would protect their trade interests around the world they also implemented aggressive tariffs on foreign imports to protect domestic industry which means that anything that was imported into britain from outside of the colonies so for example france or the german states the taxes on those goods were extremely high this was to discourage people from buying foreign products and encourage people to buy domestically made goods and this again helps to facilitate the growth of domestic industrial industrialism so here we see a map this is britain in the industrial revolution to the late 1800s you can see these blue triangles represent coal deposits so there are many especially in the north and in whales the orange triangles represent iron deposits so again a very important part of making steel in the steel industry and you can see those here in the central part cotton wool cotton here in the center part of england wool in the south and in wales and heavy machinery here again centered in these industrial areas manchester liverpool newcastle birmingham these are all industrial centers for the british and this painting here shows um sort of the impacts of that industrialism you can see the smokestacks here on the water you can see the haze created by that industry so these images these paintings reflect a snapshot of industrialization there were a few uh technological innovations that also helped us spark the industrial revolution in britain and first we see the spinning genie this was sort of the first innovation uh in machinery used to promote industry in britain so the spinning jenny was invented by a man named james hargreaves around 1765 so just before the time of the american revolution this was the first machine that ushered in the age of industrialization for britain the spinning jenny pictured here revolutionized the production of textiles especially cotton cloth in britain so what used to be done by hand where women would have to pull the cotton into strands and clean it on by hand could now be done on the spinning jenny so the spinning jenny creates cotton thread or finished wool products to be sold to make into clothes and other textiles so you would put the cotton on the machine right and this piece here it sort of has like a handle the women would push and pull uh while operating the wheat the spinning wheel the spinning jenny right um and as you're pushing and pulling the wheel the um cotton is being turned into thread and it's being spun on these spindles so then it's creating spindles of cotton thread so all day long women who used to do this by hand would now push and pull the machine and pump the wheel to make cotton thread uh so you could make a lot more thread there's obviously you could maybe do like one by hand at a time now you can make multiple spools of thread at once um so again speeding up production uh making it more efficient so they believed a process again that was done painstakingly by hand by 1783 a woman could spend a hundred threads at a time so there could be a hundred spools as you're pulling and pushing this machine to make the thread so very impressive piece of technology and it's going to help revolutionize the textile industry in britain the next technological innovation that's very important is called the water frame invented by a man named richard arkwright so arkwright pictured here invented the water frame around the same time as har greaves invented the spinning jenny the water frame was powered by a river or stream and it would spin the threads and this made coarser um threads than the spinning jenny so the spinning jenny's threads were fairly fine they were soft whereas the water frame makes hardier coarser thread and then it would be sent to the genies to be finished and made soft into something that was usable so you can see this is an example of the water frame so water would spend the wheel and then the machine itself would operate with push and pull to make these spools of thread in the 1790s a man named samuel crompton perfected the water frame to spin very fine strong thread in large quantities so now it could mass-produce the same kind of thread that the genies were producing so eliminating one step in the process so the effects of this innovation are that families who had once worked in the cottage industry or the home industry making these threads by hand to sell could now buy the finished thread from the factory and focus specifically on producing textile pieces so no longer did you have to spin your own thread and then make your clothes you could buy spun thread and then you know eliminate that step from the process agricultural workers began to increasingly look to factories for higher paying jobs mechanics and capitalists look to improve on existing power looms like the jenny's and the water frame to drive down costs and maximize profit so this is really the moment where we see capitalism take off uh capitalism becomes essential to industrialization and we'll talk a little bit about how that causes some problems and then finally by the 1830s the mechanized cotton textile industry accounted for nearly 22 percent of britain's entire industrial production which is a pretty sizable chunk for an industry that used to be done entirely by hand and we'll also talk about how this changes gender roles right and then family dynamics you can see in these two images right here's a woman with her single spinning wheel making her spool of thread at home in her house and then another example of the woman after industrialization right operating the jenny spinning the wheel pushing the machine to produce hundreds of spindles of thread at one time as the as industrialization increased the demand for coal also increased um and the scarcity of wood in mainland britain by the 18th century led to a search for a new form of ind energy now coal had been used by the english in the middle ages as a form of heat they burned coal to produce heat but the industrialists of the 18th and 19th centuries would begin to use coal to power their factories and machines as britain's demand for coal increased miners needed a more efficient way to get the coal out of the ground so again a process that had been done painstakingly by hand people wanted to do it faster so that they could maximize profit so capitalism is driving this industrialization in 1698 and 1705 there were early versions of a steam engine these engines burned coal to create steam that would drive water pumps to help pump water out of the mines then um but these pumps proved to be inefficient and um but by the 1770s we see tweaking being made to these steam engines and they are now used across england to help uh pull water from the mindset that the miners can go in and get the coal so we see um this is an example of a coal a collar or coal mine so the miners would go down dig the coal out and they would bring it up using the steam engine to help push the water out of those underground lines and then you can see in this picture here on the left these are the british coal fields in the 1800s so a lot of the coal fields concentrated here in the north of england near scotland here along the north east coast and then in wales there's a lot of mining going on and this is still a major industry in that country today so the steam engine it is perfected so by 1763 this man james watt began to study the steam engines he's like there has to be a better way to make these things run and he creates a newer more efficient steam engine in 1769. watts steam engine is considered to be the most fundamental advance in technology in the industrial revolution because it becomes a source of an almost unlimited power for the industrialists so the steam engine again it runs on water britain is an island full of rivers and streams which can power these uh engines and now we have coal right so we can have coal powered steam engines so his steam engine means that there's no more limits to where you can build your factory there's no more um constraints you can put up a factory in the the mountain you know in the middle of scotland and it would still be okay you could still produce uh so what what does for the british industrialization is just really set it off and this is where we see just a massive expansion of industrial power in the late 1700s moving into the 1800s with the steam engine comes the rise of the railroad by 1816 locomotives were introduced to carry heavy loads of iron coal and other manufactured materials cheaper and quicker than horses right a horse you can't always rely on sometimes they're ornery and they don't want to move or they you know they have to eat and you have to take care of them you don't have to feed a locomotive you don't have to give it grass to eat and make sure it has land to roam and you don't have to take it to the vet if it gets sick a locomotive is a machine so you don't have to pay it either you have to pay someone to like manage the horse and the locomotive can carry a lot more weight and it moves a lot faster so now we're switching from animal labor to mechanized labor and changing the way that we're transporting goods throughout the country railroads reduced the cost of shipping over land and lowered market barriers so this means that places that had been previously inaccessible by horses could now be reached by the locomotive you just blow a hole in a mountain put a railroad down and boom locomotive is coming to your town expanding markets as a result of the railroad meant industries could expand to create more products more jobs and a growth of the urban working class begins so here is the rocket steam locomotive again powered by coal and um here on the right you can see the extension of the railway system so in the 1840s you know soon after the introduction of the locomotive there's some rail lines to the major industrial centers of britain manchester liverpool birmingham london uh and then up into scotland uh aberdeen edinburgh um glasgow you can see that they're on the rail lines right then by 1854 we see even more railroads 1876 and 1914. by 1914 the entire country is almost covered uh in railroads and so i do want to point out that in this piece of wales here this is a national park known for its mountains right it's very mountainous region and as you can see by 1914 they have now connected that region of the country of wales to the rest of britain um which is extremely impressive so the railway system brings this island together and it makes the movement of materials a lot faster and again spurring on that industrialization so that's the end of the first lecture video so this was laying the foundations of the industrial revolution the technologies that make it possible in the next video we'll talk about how this industrialism impacts the rest of europe and global society