[Music] welcome to another fun-filled day of learning you're still with me sir janus today we are going to focus on great and science quarter one module four which deals with earth's mechanism so are you ready to learn [Music] quick reminders in order for you to have a cool experience on this video you can pause the video anytime to soak up the concepts [Music] [Music] modules provided by the link on the video description and most important of all wakali mutamon subscribe hit the like button and ring the bell for more educational videos so what is our objective for today's topic at the end of this module you are expected to describe the possible causes of plate movements and of course recognize the process of conviction current in the mantle [Music] let's start the topic with lesson 1 which deals on mantel conviction before we proceed with our topic on mantle convection let us have first a quick review on continental drift so nalala nyopa see alfred wagener socha young proposed in 1912 with continental drift theory he proposed that all continents were once joined in a single super continent called panjaya widjinner suggested that panjaya began to break up about 200 million years ago and the pieces drifted apart to form the present-day continents unfortunately he was not able to provide a convincing explanation kaya that dismissed yunkanyang theory nang ibang manga geologists [Music] here's a quick look on the proposed theory of alfred wagener as you can see from panjaya down to the modern locations of each continent in order for us to fully understand conviction in the mantel it would be best to discuss the key concepts or to boost our vocabulary on the topic the first key concept is the mantel mantel is described as a layer beneath where the less dense hot molten material rises and sinks so it's a part of the earth's layer [Music] next key concept that we will be dealing is what you call as the asthenosphere it is described as a soft weak and plastic-like layer which is the upper part of the mountain this is where lithospheric plates float and move so if the mantle is here the asthenosphere is located here just below the crust by the way let us clear the misconception on asthenosphere malink tawaging liquid asthenosphere incorrect term dito is visco elastic solid [Music] the next key concept that we would be dealing is what you call asmagma swanongabayong magma these are hot molten rocks formed beneath the earth's surface by the way [Music] anyone okay magma hot molten rock bug it is underneath the ground but once it is spewed or released on top or it reaches the surface this is now what you call as lava [Music] the next key concept that we would be dealing is on convection current in conviction current etho your main topic nothing for this day this is what facilitates the movement of the lithospheric plates so quick idea about convection current in conviction current this is when hot materials rises and once it reaches the top it begins to cool down and it moves downward so that is what you call as conviction current the next key concept that we would be dealing is the earth's core core is described as the innermost layer of the earth which generates it to the mantel later on [Music] in it and how does it helps in creating the conviction current the next word or concept that we would be dealing is lithospheric place [Music] these are massive irregularly shaped slab of rock generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere meron de la one class in latospheric plates you have the oceanic plates and you have the continental plates now how to know the difference between the two of course those plates located underneath the oceans are called oceanic plates whereas those on top are called continental plates the last key concepts that we would be dealing is about slab pool and ridge push now we all know that hot material rises [Music] this is when magma pushes the plates apart materials or it moves downward with the aid of gravity that is where you would find the slab pool where in the pull of gravity on a plate that is being subducted being subducted now that you are prepared by having the necessary vocabulary paramasmal along with conviction current in the mantle let's have a quick review on the plate tectonic theory [Music] who are the proponents [Music] do not worry because we are going to take a look about that one as we go on with our discussion [Music] plate tectonic comes from latin name which is tectonicus pertaining to building so plate tectonic meaning plates you already know that this was developed in the 1960s it's stating that the earth's lithosphere the crust and the upper mantle is broken up into several pieces called plates that move slowly [Music] different types of plate tectonics boundaries such as convergent divergent and transform faults this would lead to different geologic events depending on boundaries such as the formations of mountains volcanoes and trenches that would occur at their boundaries let's have a quick review on the different types of plate boundaries based on your previous discussion you all know [Music] so this is when plates are moving away from each other [Music] [Music] moving away from each other this one moves towards each other your convergent boundaries young last type of boundary is what you call as transform this is when in the instead the plates are just sliding past each other [Music] logic events tapashima features the wedding mabul to this type of boundary first is what you call as divergent boundary [Music] and aside from that because of subduction because it is continually renewed or napapalitan now as a result of this one these earthquakes are shallow or mababolang at mahina and these occur at spreading ocean ridges and in continental rifts such as this one the next type of boundary that we would be dealing is known as convergent boundary now do you still remember koala young process the convergent boundary yes this is when plates push together or move towards each other you panglala pitnang dalawang plates there are two concepts when dealing with convergent boundaries always remember that the denser some ducks continental plates [Music] abduction up instead for forms zone anyway we would be discussing that one later on so there are three types of convergent boundaries one is the ocean ocean convergence second one will be the ocean to continental convergence and the third one would be continental continental convergence this would form unique geologic events based ko anung placing manga plates [Music] [Music] and of course aside from these three magmu boring earthquakes [Music] so it is almost the same with oceanic oceanic convergence first the geological feature in operating mabu is what you call as volcanic arc the next one puerto makabu on tsunami [Music] it is because of of course in subduction then it on subducted plate mature now or it would melt and this would provide now the necessary magma that can be released with a volcano and of course with this type of convergence it will also form earthquakes [Music] in a convergent boundary is between continental continental plate now this is very much different with the two casidito subduction as you can see two continental plates are parihong densilla so what happens here is instead on a subduction zone [Music] collision zone so here in sap and it would form now young mountains in fact which is the mount everest boundary is what you call as transform boundaries now you transform boundary towards the jump strike slip fault and some famous example strike slip fault is the san andreas fault [Music] mountains or volcanoes but instead what is common between the three is that earthquakes [Music] so you might be wondering lithospheric plates that is what we are about to explore as we move on with our topic [Music] lithospheric plates ernaxis radioactive decay radioactive decay [Music] so this is caused by uranium and thorium so about 50 of heat given off by the earth is generated by the radioactive decay of elements now that we know young source will move to the core so asides is of course uh forms when the planet was formed and accreted which was not been lost is through frictional heating and of course from the heat of the decay of the radioactive elements all those three combined will now heat up the inner core and the outer core stage 3 stage 3 conviction in earth's core would slowly provide the necessary heat which would eventually rises to the mantel and now creates the conviction current remember young hot material would always go up a chagayon cooler material will go down so that is what you call as conviction current for stage 4 [Music] [Music] subduction zone and with the aid of gravity formula [Music] and of course stage five deals with the cycle so young process a paulie tullet rising of the hot materials [Music] and once it reaches the top it would begin to cool down and once it begins to cool down it would be much dense and eventually goes down again only to be pushed upward again that is conviction current and that is the reason why it is the reason plates now let's take a closer look and explain in it you might be wondering [Music] thermal energy [Music] and the third one would be radiation during heat transfer thermal energy always moves in the same direction from hot to cold heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference from a warmer area to a colder area that is the prerequisite here is a quick example the conviction the conduction and of course the radiation so we are going to deal with examples [Music] on how to transfer heat later on [Music] transforming it is what you call as radiation this one doesn't need a contact between the heat source and an object remember nayung light achaka young heat or young thermal energy is a form of electromagnetic spectrum so kayanyang mag transferring energy through empty space so kagayan angliwana gallingsara or contact between the object another method of heat transfer is what you call as conduction direct contact of particles of matter here is an example of conduction say naglagay kang frying pan on fire then of course the frying pan would now conduct the heat coming from the fire and if you touch the handle of the pan especially if it's made of metal then you would be conducting the heat coming from the handle to your hand [Music] transfer is what you call as conviction a quick review is a conviction conduction deals with solids heat transfer between solids whereas if it deals with liquids and gases then that is conviction so this is caused by the difference in temperature and density within a fluid so density is a measure how much mass is in a substance so union convection let's end our discussion with an application for conviction do you know the reason bucket and satas young freezer instead of nasababa it is because of conviction young freezer cools the air at the top and this cold air cools the food on the way down it is warmer at the bottom of the fridge remember that the warmer air rises whereas the colder air moves downward because it is denser a [Music] conviction current within the room then of course hot air young cool air casinos that's it thank you for watching i hope na meron kevin with our topic for today so if you have any questions you can drop your comments below or by next video and most important of all don't forget to hit like and subscribe and ring the bell but updated nothing educational videos so einsteinatics out