A lobotomy, also known as leucotomy, is a form of neurosurgical treatment that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
Originally used for psychiatric disorders and neurological disorders such as epilepsy and depression.
The operation severs connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, disrupting pathways in the frontal lobes of the brain.
Historical Context
Initially considered a mainstream procedure for psychiatric disorders, lobotomy was controversial due to lack of understanding of psychiatric illnesses.
Originated by Portuguese neurologist AntĂłnio Egas Moniz, who shared the Nobel Prize for its perceived therapeutic value.
Rise and Decline
Lobotomy use surged in the 1940s and 1950s, notably in the United States and the United Kingdom.
More commonly performed on women, with significant numbers in Ontario and other regions.
By the 1950s, the procedure began to be abandoned, starting with the Soviet Union and Europe.
Procedure and Effects
Patients often exhibited stupor, incontinence, and increased appetite post-surgery.
The treatment aimed to reduce symptoms of mental disorders but often affected personality and intellect.
Criticized for reducing psychic complexity, spontaneity, and emotional responsiveness.
Complications and Criticism
Common complications included seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, and personality changes.
Criticized in literature and media for its adverse effects and ethical concerns.
The development of antipsychotic medications contributed to the decline in lobotomy’s popularity.
Societal and Medical Influence
The procedure was part of radical treatments in the early 20th century that shifted psychiatry towards more physical interventions.
Though once mainstream, lobotomy became an example of medical overreach and violation of patient rights.
Key Figures and Innovations
Walter Freeman: Prominent advocate for lobotomy in the United States, known for the transorbital lobotomy technique.
Amarro Fiamberti: Developed the transorbital approach in Italy, which influenced Freeman’s methods.
Freeman’s transorbital lobotomy did not require surgery by neurosurgeons and was performed quickly, sometimes using an icepick.
Legislative and Ethical Backlash
Various countries, including the Soviet Union, banned lobotomy due to ethical concerns and adverse effects.
By the 1970s, many countries and US states had banned the procedure.
Investigations into psychosurgery practices raised questions of ethics and human rights.
Cultural Impact
Lobotomy featured in literature and film, often portrayed negatively, contributing to public awareness and criticism.
Notable figures such as Rosemary Kennedy underwent the procedure, leading to lifelong incapacitation.
Conclusion
Lobotomy is now seen as a historically significant but ethically problematic medical practice.
It highlights the evolution of psychiatric treatment and the importance of patient rights and ethical standards in medical procedures.