Ancient Athens Political Evolution

Overview

The lecture covers the political evolution of ancient Athens from aristocratic rule to the development and peak of democracy, highlighting key reforms and figures.

Early Athens and Aristocratic Rule

• Athens was founded by the Ionian Greeks; initially ruled by kings, then by aristocratic leaders (Archons).
• Only wealthy aristocrats could become Archons; common people (Demos) had no political power.
• Population growth and insufficient farmland led to colonization, boosting trade and industry.

Growing Power of the Demos

• Economic growth allowed some commoners to gain wealth, increasing their push for political participation.
• The Archons gradually responded by involving the Demos in politics.

Major Reforms and Law

• Draco (Dracón) wrote Athens’ first laws, introducing written statutes and community courts; his laws were harsh ("draconian").
• Solon (594 BC) introduced a new constitution creating the assembly (open to all free Athenians), jury courts, and a 400-member council.
• Solon divided citizens into four wealth-based classes; only the wealthiest could hold top offices.

Rise of Tyranny and Further Reforms

• Pisistratus seized control as a tyrant, centralizing power but aiding economic growth for the Demos.
• His sons' inability to maintain control led to further reform opportunities.

Kleisthenes and Classical Democracy

• Cleisthenes (508 BC) reorganized society by territory instead of family, creating ten new districts (Phüles).
• Each Phüle contributed 50 council members and one general (strategist), forming a new military and administrative system.
• Most officials were chosen by lot; generals were elected.
• Introduced ostracism (tile vote) to exile dangerous politicians for 10 years.

Characteristics and Limitations of Athenian Democracy

• Direct democracy: full citizens debated and voted in person on major issues.
• Political rights were limited; women, foreigners (methocians), and slaves had none.
• Pericles (5th century BC) broadened participation by offering daily allowances, enabling even the poor to join politics.

Decline of Athenian Democracy

• The "golden age" of democracy (~57 years) ended with the Peloponnesian War.

Key Terms & Definitions

• Archon — chief magistrate or official in Athens.
• Demos — the free common people of Athens.
• Draconian — extremely harsh laws, named after Draco.
• Phüle — a territorial tribe or district in Athens.
• Ostracism — exile by popular vote to prevent tyranny.
• Strategist — elected military general.
• Direct Democracy — a system where citizens participate personally in decision-making.

Action Items / Next Steps

• Review linked extra training and previous graduation tasks for further study.
• Check provided solutions to practice exercises if needed.