AP Human Geography Final Exam Study Guide

General Geography

• US road map is not a thematic map.
• Meridians are of equal length with identical start and end points.
• Environmental determinism: environment influences social development.
• Density: number of people; Concentration: proximity of people.
• Choropleth maps use shading; Isoline maps connect points of equal value.

Five Themes of Geography

• Location:
  • Absolute
  • Relative
• Place:
  • Human Characteristics
  • Physical Characteristics
• Human-Environmental Interaction:
  • Humans adapt, modify, depend on the environment
• Movement:
  • People, Goods, Ideas
• Regions:
  • Formal, Functional, Vernacular

Culture

• Customary beliefs, social forms, material traits.
• Acculturation, cultural diffusion.
• Globalization of culture and economy.

Types of Maps

• Reference, Thematic, Isoline, Choropleth, Dot, Cartograms.

Cartography

• Science of map-making.
• Types of scale: ratio, bar, written.

Population: Demography

• Demography: study of human populations.
• Overpopulation: excess population over resources.
• Doubling Time, Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate.
• Demographic Transition Model: 4 stages of growth.

Malthus Theory

• Overpopulation could lead to starvation and disease.
• Neo-Malthusians: modern concerns about land and food.

Migration

• Migration: permanent relocation.
• Push and Pull Factors: economic, environmental, cultural.
• International vs. Internal Migration.

Pop & Folk Culture

• Popular Culture: large, diverse societies.
• Folk Culture: small, homogeneous groups.
• Transition from Folk to Pop Culture.

Language

• Language Families: related through common ancestors.
• Dialects, Creolized languages.

Religion

• Universalizing Religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.
• Ethnic Religions: Hinduism, Judaism.

Ethnicity

• Distribution in the US: African American, Hispanic, Asian American.
• Ethnic Conflicts: apartheid, nationalism, separatism.

Political Geography

• State Shapes: compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupted, perforated.
• Boundaries: physical, geometric, cultural.
• Federal vs. Unitary States.

Development

• GDP, GNP, HDI.
• Rostow's Stages of Development.
• International Trade vs. Self-Sufficiency.

Agriculture

• Agricultural Revolutions: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
• Types of Agriculture: subsistence, commercial.
• Von Thunen Model: land use.

Industry

• Industrial Regions: North America, Europe, Asia.
• Bulk-Reducing vs. Bulk-Gaining Industries.

Urban Geography

• Models of Urban Structure: Concentric Zone, Sector, Multiple Nuclei.
• Gentrification, Urban Renewal, Public Housing.
• Central Place Theory, Megalopolises, Primate Cities.

This study guide offers a comprehensive overview of key concepts in human geography, covering themes from basic geographical principles to complex socio-economic structures.