Traditional gender norms in America for boys and girls.
Social effects: sexism, misogyny, gender as a social construct.
Institutional effects: wages, "pink-collar" jobs.
References:
The Five Sexes, Revisited by Anne Fausto-Sterling.
Huber, Stefanie, & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz. "Gender Norms and the Gender Gap in Higher Education." Labour Economics, vol. 87, April 2024.
Effects of Societal Gender Norms on Different Genders
How childhood norms influence boys and girls differently.
Influences on learning norms: parents, teachers, media.
Kids' behavior and presentation due to norms.
References:
Mmari, Kristin, et al. "Exploration of Gender Norms and Socialization Among Early Adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 61, issue 4.
Endendijk, Joyce J., et al. "Gender-Typical Appearance in Early Childhood." Sex Roles, vol. 90.
Conry-Murray, Clare, et al. "Culture and Children's Reasoning about Preferences and Gender Norms." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 196.
Blakemore, Judith E. Owen. "Children’s Beliefs about Violating Gender Norms." Sex Roles, vol. 48.
Groups Benefited or Detrimented by Gendered Socialization
Groups in power vs. marginalized groups (trans people, people of color, poor people).
Impact on regular US citizens.
References:
System of Privilege & Inequality by Shaw & Lee.
Hogan, Hailey, and Jessica L. Liddell. "Gender Role Development and the Intergenerational Socialization of Indigenous Women." Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 32, no. 6.
Blakemore, Judith E. Owen. Sex Roles, vol. 48.
Emphasis on Gender in Childhood Over Time
Historical emphasis on gender norms.
Comparison of past and present.
Speculation on future trends.
Important Questions
What are the specific gender norms expected for boys and girls in America?
How do these gender norms impact societal structures and personal development?
How are children taught these norms, and who are the main influencers?
Which groups benefit from maintaining these gender norms, and which are harmed?
How have perceptions and the importance of gender norms evolved over time, and what might the future hold?