Welcome, Future Rice Officers This video we are going to learn about Sociology the Discipline We will complete this chapter Syllabus wise complete coverage Okay Whenever you will hear my voice in this initiative I am very excited Because this is the best course ever You are going to witness the best hand made notes In which there will be flowcharts and diagrams Anyone who has prepared for long in UPSC knows that GS1,2,3 Making flowcharts in this year is easy. Suppose in economics, this year's GST has this much input and next year's GST has this much input. So GST is increasing, it's good for country.
How will you do sociology? I have done that for you, you will get to know here. Sociology, speedrun, anyone who is new Look at these two videos and click on the playlist.
The topic of this video is Topper Secret of Answer Writing and Solution to Pahdne Ka Mann Ni Kara. Each and everything explained here. Let's start.
The first chapter is Sociology the Discipline. What is this topic? Modernity, Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology. The changes that were happening in Europe, due to which sociology was born in 1838 We will discuss what were the first developments Modernity according to Ritzer, what is Ritzer?
He is a very well known sociologist, what did he say? Anything that is happening in a different way Something that is happening in a different way from the old tradition, we will call it modernity And what is this? Process Ongoing process, it is still going on So this is modernity that is thinking new and thinking different which is opposing the tradition.
Now what developments were happening due to which emergence of sociology happened? So first is renaissance gave secular ideology. What is renaissance?
It is a mindset shift. What were the people of the past? They were very much associated with the Church.
We have to do good deeds. We have to live a good life in rebirth. We have to live a good life after death. But they had a mindset shift that they said that no, this life is given by God, we have to live a good life in this life.
In this world, we need to experience the pleasure. So, what happened with this? They started moving away from religion a little bit. When religion withdraws from social life. What was the second phenomenon?
French Revolution, which happened in 1789. Because of which, the name Equalitarian Ideology was born. What does Equalitarian Ideology mean? What was the system in France?
There were priests, nobles of the church, then kings, then commoners. So, whatever tax they had to pay, they had to pay 98%. These 2% used to live.
They used to live life. What? No tax.
A lot of money. They used to get whatever they wanted. So, commoners revolted for liberty, equality and fraternity. This is how the Equalitarian ideology came about. Third is Industrial Revolution, which gave utilitarian ideology.
What is utilitarian? Maximum happiness for maximum people. Planting seed for democracy. So, this new thing called Democracy, due to this only, sociology had to come, to make people understand what all these things are. Let's talk about this in detail.
First, let's understand what is the emergence of sociology? First, Age of Enlightenment or Renaissance. Second, French Revolution. Third, Industrial Revolution. Now, look, in these notes, you are going to learn Brahmastra.
What is this? Any question that you haven't got, still, you can come and ask. What can you write?
Maybe you are reading Age of Enlightenment well. I forgot. What can you write? It is called Brahmastra.
Look, this is a flow chart. It is on Renaissance. Rationalism and scientific temper.
Challenged authority of church. Middle class to power. New middle class to power.
Okay. Decrease in influence of church and increase in power of monarch. What happened? Church. So, as people started associating with the king, they started giving less funds.
Their validity started decreasing. Ultimately, the king's power and influence increased. It is a small flow chart.
Whenever you make a flow chart, make it in a box. Now, make a flow chart in a box. See, the conclusion is written. What is the conclusion?
How to use Brahmastra? Any development, same points are there. Development, rise of new middle class, influence of church decrease, increase in power of monarchs, all these developments such as Modernity, rise of middle class could not be explained by present BOK.
BOK is body of knowledge, you will get to know in the next pages. So there was need of another discipline, which will explain, find solution and even explain the present problem. This line in this chapter, You can use this 1A part anywhere. If you do not remember anything, you can use this.
And you will get good marks. I guarantee you this. This is Brahmastra. This is the power of Brahmastra. And how to use Brahmastra?
I will tell you later in this video. Certain developments to be noted. Because of which sociology had to come. What were the developments?
Age of Enlightenment or Renaissance. Led by Montesquieu and Rousseau. See, these are the names of two sociologists. Sociologists will come to the name of sociology It is not hard at all It is very easy and optional That's why many people are taking it You will have to work hard And once you pass in front of your eyes Chapter 10 to 1 to 10 It is about them only Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx, Weber, Karl Marx Right? Do not worry at all I guarantee you I assure you There is no problem Believe that people could comprehend and control the universe by means of reason and empirical research What he wants to say is that they can control the universe through reasoning Age of enlightenment Belief of universal social laws and society can be made better New inventions and discoveries Industrial revolution was coming you know Third revolution Political, social, economic, commercial, intellectual We will discuss below Now see Here comes one more thing Make this an intro Make a body or a conclusion.
It will go with everything for this part. First, a modernity emergence of sociology. What is he saying?
Zetlin, Z-E-I-T-L-I-N. In his ideology and development of sociological theory. This is his book.
1968 year. Says sociology emerged as relation to enlightenment and modernity. Okay. There is a question on enlightenment and modernity. You can make an intro and a body and a conclusion.
Book is, I will ask you to make an intro or conclusion, you will get marks, surely you will get marks. Book is the name, sociologist is the name, year is, I guarantee you you will get marks. Ushering an era known as modernity, these changes which are coming.
As a result of modernity, following social changes occurred. What is happening? Modernity is coming, meaning something is happening.
Something is happening beyond the old tradition. What is happening? Feudal to industrial society is happening.
liberal democracy is coming middle class emerged okay we will discuss in detail don't worry Problems of modernity. Now see what problems are coming. Poor working conditions of workers.
Nuclear families are coming. Smaller families are breaking. Domestic violence. Frequent separations. Faith and religion decreased.
What happened to Renaissance? Secularism. Urban poor.
Absolute poverty. See below poverty word. This line is written. Poverty will come anywhere in sociology.
In any chapter. Do you have an intro? What? In writings of Sir John Sinclair.
And F.M. Aden. Survey carried in 18th century. That poverty socially created. In writings of Sir John Sinclair and F.M. Aden, survey carried in 18th century that poverty is socially created.
Two sociologists'names are mentioned. If you write the names of the sociologists in the paper, you will get the marks. Problems from rise of liberal democracy. We have read this above.
What are the results? We are reading this in detail. abrupt and sudden changes see, it was a king's system From there, democracy started to come. People became king. They don't understand that this can also happen.
They were shocked. They were shocked. Chaos in France. People did not understand how it will work and they will be better off.
Now what is happening? What do they think? We are the people? We became the king?
Is this okay? Will this make the country run? We are happy but should the country also run?
There are some groups like D.Bernald who have given the feudal system back. feudal serfs, feudal slaves rise of middle class Raja and Praja earlier, there were commoners who used to pay tax between Raja and Praja some common people who became wealthy middle class created a class of aspirations structural divide which was its demands, middle class used to speak, used to think, I want this, like you say when sales come, papa 16, papa 15, now all these developments could not be explained by present body of knowledge, what does body of knowledge mean, body of knowledge is a type of institution, or it's a type of subject which can explain what was going on in that era people don't know what is democracy, middle class but they are becoming that's why there was a need of another discipline and another subject to explain the changes to find solution of changes and to predict the changes that's why in 1838, sociology emerged sociology became like this by Saint Simon and Auguste Comte okay two types of general context immediate context not important don't worry it was made in 1838 remember social forces in development of sociological theory what are the forces political revolution Industrial, rise of socialism, feminism, urbanization, religious changes There are some forces, remember this, this is asked in PYQ If you are in the telegram group, I am giving you PYQ, don't think like this If you can ask questions, it's easy, those are PYQs Political revolution, what is it? French revolution, we have read, liberty, equality, fraternity, equalitarian Positive and negative, said by Compton, social order, by Durkheim Industrial revolution, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Durkheim Rides of socialism, Weaver and Durkheim were against it, the marks of socialism were in favour. Feminism, Liberationist movement in Europe, Progressive era for us, women were getting rights.
Urbanisation, Chicago school to defend democracy and capitalism. Religious changes, many initial sociologists came from religious background. Development of sociology in various parts, now we are talking geographically, what is happening where. Okay? French people are Saint-Simon Comte d'Archaim German Hegel, Marx, Weber, Simmel British Adam Smith, Laissez-faire Look, Adam Smith talked about Laissez-faire What is Laissez-faire?
Like you are at home You are watching a movie till 3 in the night What will you say if your parents wake up? You will be scared But what will you say in your mind? I want freedom This is Laissez-faire Individuals should do what they want, government should not interfere, government should not interfere, that is a laissez-faire. Herbert Spencer, what were the theories he gave?
Evolution of society, survival of the fittest, social Darwinism. We saw French, German, British sociologists. TB Bottommore, one more sociology. See, this is very content rich. You will have to watch this video 2-3 times.
And I guarantee you will remember things after that. In 10 chapters, these sociologists will repeat the same thing. You will remember the same thing after 20 sociologists.
Don't worry at all. I assure you that. What does T.B. Watermore say?
He does a tip on sociology. There is nothing like that. It's not exam wise. Try to understand.
What does T.B. Watermore say? Sociology is encyclopedic.
Or it's evolutionary. It's a process that keeps changing. It is positive, now see, positive is not a positive or negative one What does positive mean?
It is inspired by natural science See, in the next chapters, you will get to know positive methods and non-positive methods Just listen once, okay? Now, science of new industrial society and radical plus conservationism, okay Now see, sociology came in 1838 What was the body of knowledge before that? What were the intellectual antecedents before that?
What were the ideologies before the advent of sociology? TV Bottom Moore is compiling everything. He is telling you all the theories in a short brief.
Origin in political philosophy was told by Hobbes and Locke. Philosophy of history was told by Hegel. For the first time, Saint Simon said that any society can be more than political.
What is biological theory of evolution? Spencer told. Movements of sociological and political reforms. Social survey. F.M.Hedin and Sir John Sinclair.
Poverty. He told a synopsis or summary type. Now. Scope of subject and comparison. Scope of sociology.
What is the scope of sociology? That time it is new. It is a new body of knowledge. Which is telling problems.
Rise of middle class. Rise of democracy. Gradually widened with time. So, it is divided into three phases and the fourth phase is present ongoing phase.
So, there are three phases, initial, second, and third. The period of 1838 to 1880 is called initial. You can understand it like this, H.I.M. Humanistic Inductive Macro.
What does macro mean? You are looking at a big level. How? Someone will tell you that you are from India. You should eat strawberries.
This is for Indians. He didn't tell North, South, East, West. He just said that if you are from India, then eating strawberries is beneficial for you. And if someone tells you here that if you are from Uttar Pradesh, then you should eat blueberries. So this became a little micro.
It is also micro if you are from Mumbai. where it is raining a lot then you consume neem or you consume mango this is micro someone said macro in India someone said macro in Mumbai someone said micro in old Rajendranagar so in the beginning it was developed in macro now you have to remember these two things August Comte said social static, social dynamic Sandeep Saiman said social physics what is inductive approach when you are imposing reality empiricism. Empirical research, see with those eyes. Which are the two theories in that? August Comte's Social Positivism, Herbert Spencer's Organismic Analogy.
Humanistic Perspective, Understanding and Finding Solutions to Social Problems. Social problem, you want to know the solution, so humanistic perspective, that's why sociology came. Rise of middle class and liberal democracy.
Now, what is the second phase? 1880-1940. What was the first phase? 1838-1880. Second phase is 1880-1940.
Widening of scope. It was a little big. First we were looking at India, now we are slowly going inside.
I am telling you an example of India. It was macro, now it is micro. Macro to micro.
Max Weber said micro reality. Max Wibern started one more thing, interpretative sociology We are going to read this in detail in the next chapter Don't worry, just get familiar with the name Whereas, Durkheim continued macro units Sociology started to be taught in large number of universities Sociology has started to be taught, it's been 30-40 years There are two schools, formal and synthetic formal thoughts micro sociology deep personalized and synthetic macro 1838-1880 formal thoughts Max Weber interpretative school SUOR subjective understanding of objective reality He said that social processes like micro phenomena, George Simmel said that types of interactions, formal or informal, Leopard-Benoist said that all human behaviors can be divided into associative and dissociative. Synthetic school which believes in macrom Macrom means, listen carefully What did Durkheim ji say?
Suicide is social problem Okay He said suicide is social problem This has become macro Now someone will say why farmers are committing suicide Why is there a job? He will research on one thing, that is micro. He said in general, generalized is macro. Division of labor can be understood.
It is a very big theory, there are very famous theories. P.Sorokinji told two theories, general and specific. General is the same. institution in the world.
You can go to any society, India, America, family is there, family is the same, sociology, same is general. Specific sociology, caste in India is different. What is the problem with this?
Caste issues are going on in India, race issues are going on in America, so black lives matter has to be run. Karl Mannheim, in the book, Ideology and Utopia, discuss structure and broader ideas. Third phase, we saw 1980-1940, now let's see 1940-1990s Blend of formal and synthetic, two schools were mentioned, formal is micro and synthetic is macro Now see, new name is Parsons, SOSASAS, you will remember, structure of social action, SS is social system Parsons, Talcott Parsons, we will read further in detail Merton, latent and manifest, combined micro macro plus macro what is written?
blend of formal synthetic combined macro and macro CW Mills sociological imagination and sociology of coffee CW Mills sociology of coffee C C Anthony Giddens theory of structuration and double hermeneutics what is hermeneutics? h e r m e n e u t i c h also emphasized blending of both this is going on everywhere now extension of existing schools Ethno methodology, phenomenology, formal school We will read this in detail, don't worry Present phase See what happened in present First it was macro, then micro, then both Now we are stretching this too Now in health, IT sector, defense environment Now AI will come, we will include that too in some time First there was modernity, now post modernity has come Postmodernity Postmodernists say that nothing is eternal truth There is no eternal truth We don't know if it was true in the past We know if people say it It may be true in the future It is the theories of postmodernists Now, look, break anything by Jaxx, then Michael Foucault, discourse analysis, explains scope through history. Also, see conflict between Marxism and feminism. Two theories are fighting between them. Conflict.
Mostly, you have to understand that post-modernism is very important. and now you can understand that it is increasing ok let's move on now see we have reached the last part what happens in this you will get to know that what is the relation between sociology and other sciences history, economics, philosophy, psychology we are going to read that first we will see sociology and history what is in sociology? similarities in different events in history, differences in similar events What does it mean? What is it saying in sociology?
Similarity in different events What will you see? That there is a war going on all over the world So why is it happening? Oh, there is an operation against the poor in society This is called finding similarity in different events And what happens in history?
Differences in similar events See, if there is any similar event Suppose two fights are happening in the same place So what is the difference in that? Who is the king? Who is beating?
Right? That's the scene Sociology focuses on pattern of events What? We are fighting over poverty again and again Focuses on pattern Focuses on personality events How Vikramaditya ji was very great personality sociology is analytical, history is descriptive sociology is generalizing, history is particularizing sociology is nomothetic, norms oriented and history is ideographic, very nice words now I will take you to the speciality of this note We have already seen flow charts above, renaissance and everything. Now I will take you to sociology and history.
Sociology without history is rootless, history without sociology is fruitless. Don't write sociology, write sociology. See, you have a nice quote in the intro.
If you want to know history, you can write it directly. You will get marks of course. One more is E.H.Kar with the name of a sociologist. The more sociological the history becomes, the more historical the sociology becomes. The better it is.
The more infusion of both, the better it will be. Look, you just use these two quotes. Use it in the intro, use it in the conclusion, use it anywhere. Now, if there is any question in history, you won't stop, right? This is Brahmastra.
This is the power of Brahmastra. And in this exclusive batch, I teach them how to incorporate this Now you are just looking at this in notes In answer writing Set of intros and conclusions are already ready And only for 100 kids Okay Who used it in sociology and history We have seen the difference, now let's see the similarity Marx used it in Historic materialism Durkheim used it in empirical evidence Weber used it in protestant ethic and Spirit of capitalism In Indology, Louis Dumont used it Look, there is an interchange in this Okay Louis Dumont is a sociologist, this is their theory. Okay, these are the three sociologists. Let's move on. Sociology and Economy.
Now you see, there are notes of one page. You won't be able to revise this in 88 days. Sociology and Economy.
Concepts used by Marx, economic determinism, Weber, Alfred Marshall, advertisement. Now look, advertisement. This is a very good thing.
It is sociology. Economy. What is sociology?
Society is studying. What is economics? To sell a product.
To do sales. Now, which product does society need? You will research and see. Right? That is why it is called advertisement.
In the 21st century, capitalism is causing a lot of inequality. This is what the sociologists call it, Thomas. Adam Smith calls it a legisphere. That the government should leave people and be independent. Leave in the sense that their interests...
on their interests, in their affairs, not like remove them, they want to say in their affairs Pierre Bourdeau is a different type of capitalist, he is an industrialist, he has a knowledge hub, he has a power Now, it is most important, why is it most important? Look at the previous year paper, the most common question is this, Common Sense and Sociology Now see, very very beautiful introduction Common sense according to Alfred Schultz is Organized, typified stocks of taken for granted knowledge And generally not questioned It's a matter of common sense, so what do you say? Bro, this is common sense, don't you know?
he is not explaining, he is asking, don't you know? this is called not questioned or taken for granted, now one more thing is common sense is not so common taken for granted knowledge, okay? Alfred Schultz, the name of a sociologist the description of a common sense question you will get marks, these notes this was the specialty of these notes points of similarities sometimes folk wisdom is close to now see, socio And what is the relation of common sense? Who will be involved in common sense? Daily you are sitting with your friends?
With your family? Yes, there are parents. God is the parents. What they will say should happen.
Who is the society on top of sociology? Who is the society on top of? Family and relation. Same?
Family and relation. He wants to say this. Common sense's institution.
Same is there of sociology Howard Baker, what do sociologists call it? Labeling theory of deviance Labeling theory to deviance Remember this name and remember this theory Common sense gives raw material for sociology Let's move on to differences Common sense is status quest Sociology prefers active change, see how did sociology come Democracy came, people don't understand, sociology came Postmodernism is going on, sociology came What is sociology? Ever evolving Common sense is just a thing that is going on Sociology even debates structure and agency intellectually He is questioning why sociology is asking Why is he asking in everything?
Sociology is skeptic while common sense is enforced through tradition Common sense is going on since the olden days Going on since the time of the crowd Peter Berger Debunking attitude towards world taken for granted Did you read Howard Becker's deviance theory? Peter Berger, a sociologist, has this theory. Both have to be written.
In difference, these will get the same marks in similarity. What will everyone write? No, common sense should not be used.
Common sense is not a subject. Sociology is a subject. No, what are you writing? You are writing with a sociologist.
Sociology is self-correcting. It's a process. It changes.
It introspects. Common sense is assumptive. It has been going on since ancient times.
Since the era of the crowd. Remember it like this. Common sense explains things irrationally.
Without logic. And with illogic. Margaret Mede studied tribalism in Papua New Guinea. Generally, the head is male. There, the gender role is reversed.
So, what we said earlier, that generally, the head is male, was wrong. This is what Margaret said. Margaret Mede confirmed.
I just told you about postmodernism. There is nothing such as eternal truth. What does Anthony Giddens say? Sociological often becomes common sense. Sociological investigation often becomes common sense.
Someone is doing a sociology investigation. Why is he behaving like this with his parents? What will be the answer later? This is common sense. So, both are syncing.
Phenomenologists. I just told you that we will study above. I am saying this.
What does this say? What are people doing? Rather than why people are doing it.
Why? See, why people do something? What is their emotion at that time?
What is their emotion status? Right? What is their mind saying? What will we do about the heart that is saying? What will we do about it?
Everyone is emotionally different, everyone has different hormones. Why? What is the result of that?
What? What did a person do if he did something? Okay, a lot of people are beating around the bush.
Okay, then make a law. This is in-depth phenomenologists. Poverty, I told you above.
Gram C, look at this. One more very beautiful theory for common sense. Gramsci's creation of common sense. What is common sense?
What does common sense do? It makes cultural hegemony. Which is made without force.
Okay. You should use this word. Cultural hegemony, role of common sense, Gramsci, creation of common sense. Now, Sociology and Political Science Birth of Sociology is related to political upheaval of French Revolution led by Montesquieu and Rousseau and others. This line is an introduction.
Look at the specialty of Brahmastra. If I tell you sociology and tell you some new science, history, political, there is polity, right? Tell me sociology and polity.
What will you write? Both of sociology is related to polity, upheaval, political, that's it. Polity, upheaval of French Revolution led by Montesquieu, Rousseau and others. Can be replaced by sociology, anthropology, psychology.
Anthropology, Psychology, History, Economics Birth of Sociology is related to political upheaval of French Revolution led by Montesquieu and others You can use this introduction anywhere Concepts used by Pareto, Mosca, Robert Michael, C.W. Mills, and Neal Spencer in Chapter 7 We will read this in detail later Sociology helps in determining political behavior, including voting pattern sociology plus anthropology birth of sociology is related to anthropological upheaval of french revolution now tell me now tell me any new science will come, you can write any new subject will come, you can write birth of sociology is related to dash any subject's name upheaval of french revolution led by Montesquieu, Rousseau and others this is what I teach in my model answer only to 100 students uses structural functionalist ways Both influenced by Darwin's evolution theory. Spencer's Social Darwinism and Alinouski's Religion Theory. Now, what is the system of anthropology?
That many Indian sociologists have worked on Indian villages They have combined sociology and anthropology Which are? Andhra Pradesh, MN Srivastava, SC Dubai Field study of Indian villages Social anthropology Studies of small society Colonialism Ideas borrowed Where are the ideas borrowed from? Survey method Quantitative method Field work Ethnographic research Sociology and psychology Birth of sociology is related to psychological upheaval of French Revolution You can write only one line in 10 places And from this chapter only one question has to come And the second one is Sociology without history is fruitless You know everything How can you not write topper's answer How you cannot? It's the name of a sociologist. Ask your friend who has been studying for a month.
If he knows so many sociologists. I guarantee he doesn't know. You know the most. What is psychology?
Science of behavior that focuses on individual. Let me tell you one thing. Jethalal. If we want to know Jethalal's mental state, then he...
Psychology. If Gokul Dham's... to know the situation, or what are they thinking, how are they acting to know the behavior pattern, that is social psychology group, individual what does weber say? why is the individual doing it? kuhle says, look in the mirror, in the sense, looking glass self, don't write this this is looking glass self introspection, look inside, that is it med's symbolic interactionism, parson's effective role of mother, parson's SOSASS there are times, you side note a psychological phenomena George, Simmel, Forms of Interactions and Types of Interactions, Leopard, VanWaay's Human Behavior, Associative, Dissociative.
Now, Sociology and Philosophy. Birth of Sociology is related to philosophical upheaval of financial institutions led by Montesquieu, Rousseau and others. Emerge a separate body of knowledge. What does this mean? Philosophy is generally, is comparatively newer.
Sociology raises a lot of philosophical questions and tries to answer them. Jain Batista, philosophy of history separating society from political society. Karl Mannheim, ideas of sociology of knowledge.
Marxist sociology became Marxist philosophy. This is new, it is influencing other things too. Gunnar Meydal, chaos cannot organize itself into cosmos.
Now I am showing you, fillers, brahmastra. Answer in 8 minutes. Why you can't write it? I'll also see.
These developments influenced society as these were products of human interaction. What does these mean? Whatever you want.
Whatever you want in this chapter. Should I fit it in Age of Enlightenment? Age of Enlightenment influenced society as these were products of human interaction.
Renaissance influenced society as these were products of human interaction. Is a body's point made? Birth of Sociology, I have shown you this above Thus it helped sociology to grow as rational and scientific subject Thus sociology moved towards positivism, common sense was almost discarded Common sense is very important, that's why it is coming again and again The need was felt to study these aspects What are these aspects? Age of enlightenment is here, these aspects are the same Write it down, was felt to study age of enlightenment aspect of society Through specific development discipline giving birth to sociology Now your chapter is over.
When you are reading this exact sentence, people inside in this group are writing answers. If you are not there, you will be left behind. Wait, wait, wait.
Let me tell you one last thing. If you are so happy to see Brahmastra that you can write it, now think, my exclusive group in which I personally tell a kid, Aditi, why are you not writing the answer? Danish, you don't have the answer.
Where did it go? I will personally tell them, I will call out to them, they will have to write the answer. Consistency will not go anywhere.
you will get model answers approximately till the end of this course which you are reading in youtube, you will get 120 questions in telegram group you will get answers of all those and no one will get you will get discussion video of model answers and no one will get only 100 students are there, seats are being filled if any student will come in the end of 2 months, give me seats will be finished, I am very sorry this is limited to 100 students, DM on telegram