Overview
This lecture introduces philosophy, covering its definition, etymological roots, and its four main branches: metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics.
Definition and Nature of Philosophy
- Philosophy comes from Greek "philia" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom), meaning "love of wisdom."
- It is defined as the science that studies beings in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles using human reason alone.
- "Being" in philosophy refers to everything that exists, both material and immaterial.
- Philosophers seek to answer fundamental questions such as the origin and purpose of existence and the justification of suffering.
Major Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics
- Metaphysics studies what exists beyond the physical realm.
- It includes general metaphysics (ontology) and special metaphysics (cosmology, psychology, theodicy).
- Ontology: studies the nature of being and existence.
- Cosmology: examines the universe's origin, order, and laws.
- Psychology (philosophical): studies the mind or soul and human nature.
- Theodicy: explores questions about God, especially concerning evil and suffering.
Epistemology
- Epistemology is the study of knowledge, its nature, sources, and justification.
- It asks what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what makes beliefs justified.
Logic
- Logic is the science of correct thinking and valid argumentation.
- It distinguishes between sound and unsound reasoning and studies criteria for argument validity.
Ethics
- Ethics originates from "ethos" (custom/habit) and studies the morality of human actions.
- It focuses on right conduct, the good life, and how to determine moral actions.
- Ethics (theory of right action) differs from morality (practice of right/wrong behavior).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Philosophy — the love of wisdom; the rational study of ultimate reality.
- Metaphysics — study of what exists beyond the physical.
- Ontology — branch of metaphysics studying being and existence.
- Cosmology — philosophical study of the universe.
- Psychology (philosophical) — study of the human mind or soul.
- Theodicy — philosophical study of God's goodness amid evil.
- Epistemology — study of knowledge and justified belief.
- Logic — science of valid reasoning.
- Ethics — study of moral principles and right conduct.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review additional resources for deeper understanding of ontology, special metaphysics, and epistemology as suggested.