Lecture on Decolonization

Introduction

Discussion on decolonization in the post-Cold War period.
Two primary methods of achieving independence:
- Negotiated Independence
- Armed Struggle

Formerly a British colony; Britain's most prosperous and valuable.
British investment in infrastructure primarily for empire enrichment.
Rise of a growing, educated middle class influenced by nationalism.
Formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 to seek more representation.
Despite Indian support in WWI, British largely ignored demands for self-rule.
Discontent grew after Amritsar Massacre but was channeled into nonviolent resistance led by Gandhi.
WWII saw further Indian contributions without corresponding rewards.
Post-war, India's independence recognized in 1947 due to British financial strain and political shifts.
Partition of India led to the creation of Pakistan; subsequent violence between Hindus and Muslims resulted in high casualties.

Independence movement led by Kwame Nkrumah.
Britain lacked public support for imperialism and was financially constrained post-WWII.
Led to Ghana's independence in 1957.

French colony with significant French settler population.
French allowed independence for Morocco and Tunisia but resisted in Algeria due to settler presence.
National Liberation Front formed by Arab and Berber Muslims in 1954; violent conflict ensued.
French military response included human rights abuses.
Independence achieved in 1962 after President Charles de Gaulle negotiated with Algerians.

Portuguese colony with three political groups opposing colonial rule.
Violence erupted due to resistance against inhumane treatment.
1974 coup in Portugal facilitated negotiations for independence in 1975.
Post-independence saw a civil war among ethnic groups over power, influenced by Cold War dynamics.

Imperial powers often ignored ethnic and religious configurations when drawing boundaries.
Resulted in post-independence power struggles and civil wars.
Example: Nigeria's civil war post-independence in 1960, spurred by the Igbo secession attempt due to oil-rich lands.
Legacy of such boundaries continues to cause tension.

Decolonization led to a complex legacy of independence, violence, and ongoing tensions.
Importance of understanding historical context to analyze current geopolitical dynamics.