So today we are going to start energy stable compression. membrane that separates. So our cells are very organized, right?
So they have a membrane that separates the inside from the outside. We already know about that. They have a way to store information and transmit it to the next generation.
And they have, in order to be this organized, in order for any higher level organism... to remain organized and alive, it has to have energy. Keeping us going, keeping any cell going, actually, requires a lot of energy.
Okay? And you know this from your own homes, right? If you don't pick up after yourself, clean up in the kitchen, what happens? It just goes, you know, it just keeps getting messier and messier and messier.
Right? Yeah. That's disorder. Okay?
In order to keep things organized in your home, you know you have to clean. And that takes work. Okay?
And to do work in the cell requires energy. And that's what we're going to talk about. We're going to talk about how energy is used in the cell, kind of what the currency is, which is ATP, and how energy changes. We will talk about the laws of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is called Tony Homer.
It is the conservation of energy. The total amount of energy in the universe is all here and it has always been here. And it does not change.
Okay, you cannot create energy. You cannot destroy energy. Hey. All it does is change things.
Hey, is there a way we could add? Like, I might need to do another day of power. Like our cells are doing when they break down sugars or lipids.
Yeah, like add another day. We're changing chemical energy in those molecules into cellular energy. Ah, Thursday?
And it'd be, the nighttime would be better. So that's what we're going to be talking about. Well, like, what? Yeah. Is that possible?
If not, it's fine. Because I can't do... Unless y'all come right at 9. Unless y'all come at 9, like get here right at 9. Yeah. Yeah, that'd be better because...
Because I have a class at 8. Right? And they... Thursday. Actually, Thursdays I don't have a class today....able to capture photons of light... No, y'all come on Thursdays....and turn that, those photons...
into chemical energy. Did I do my bowel program this morning? Plants are the prime example of that, you all know.
And we'll talk about this in Chapter 8. Oh, Friday's in the... Friday's. Okay. Um... Yes.
We also have lots of... Okay, because I have class after... I have a class that ends at 9, and I can get...
well, I can get back to my dorm at 9. Okay. Do you want to do a part-time job? Yes.
Okay. I'm going to do that. I can't do that.
I'm going to do that. But it's a lot of work for me to do a part-time job. That's all I was... That's the...
Like is whoever comes in the morning is that outside their block? Yeah because if you do 630 on Friday, so their shift technically ends at 9. So these sulfur-dexylizing bacteria, these hydrogen bacteria, these bacteria are not going to be able to turn into chemical. And that's what they use as an energy source to turn into chemical. Okay. So yeah, I think that'll work.
Yeah, let me... Okay, we're at Heterotrose on this side. We're going to help with the caregivers that are already plugged in and just make sure to that. Yeah, good luck. So we are heterogeneous.
We cannot make our own chemical energy. We have to get it. Yeah, and I got buddies sleeping on the floor, so just wake them up and they'll leave.
Any questions about that? Okay. Right, so metabolism, this is, just to remind you, the sum of all chemical...
Okay, so what metabolism does, metabolism is a series of reactions and it is literally doing energy transfers. Okay, you can break that into two different things. You have over here, on your left, is that on the right?
On the left, you have what are called anabolic reactions. These are building reactions. Okay, so we're taking small subunits like amino acids or monosaccharides, and we're putting them together to build some large organized superstructure, whatever it may be, a protein, a long complex carbohydrate, whatever.
Okay? If we're going to take little subunits that are just kind of all broken apart all over the place, and we're going to organize them into something bigger, an anabolism, we have to put energy in to do that because that requires work. It requires work to make that molecule.
So this is going to require energy. Okay, in the form of ATP. Okay, so if we're taking small subunits and we're forming bonds, bonds store energy. Okay, we cannot form a bond if we don't have energy to...
form that bond. Energy has to come from somewhere. Alright? The reverse of anabolism is when we take a large macromolecule, a protein, a carbohydrate, a lipid, and we break it down in a stepwise manner to its mono, whatever its monomers are.
Okay? So we're breaking it back down into those small units. Okay, and it is important that we do, this is done, we're going to talk about this, in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport.
These are all, everyone. of these steps, it's important that we do these steps so that we can take energy out. Okay, if we did not take, if we just went from a sugar to CO2 like that, so we... We set something on fire.
So I can take, let's say, I can take ethanol, set it on fire, right? It's going to burn. I'm going to get heat. I'm going to get light. I'm going to get some carbon residue, breakdown residue.
But I can't harvest any energy from that because it's uncontrolled. And there's nothing, there are no other molecules. hanging out there that could possibly take the energy. Okay, so when we talk about respiration, we'll talk about these accessory molecules.
Their whole job is to, as a reaction happens, to take some energy and store it. Okay? So we have to do this.
We have to do catabolism in a stepwise manner. Okay, so when we start glycolysis, I'll show you a picture, there's a video of them basically in a science lab setting a gummy bear on fire. And it burns, it's awesome, but all that... All that energy that was stored in those sugars is released to the universe because we didn't have anything to capture it.
So that's why you get all this stuff flying around and light and all that. Okay? So both anabolism and catabolism are working at the same time.
I'm in the cell and they're balanced. They're going to be balanced in the cell. Okay, you can call on one a little bit more than another if you need to. Okay. And every time, yes.
Oh, stepwise reactions. Sorry, it's my scribble. Every time we do a chemical reaction, we're doing an energy transfer, okay?
So that's where the energy, the change in the energy happens during the chemical reaction, as we break bonds and form new ones, okay? All right, so ATP is the energy currency of the cell. All right, and we're going to talk about it quite a bit, but just to kind of look at its structure, the core of this molecule is the nitrogenous base, adenine.
and the sugar ribose. Okay? Adenine and ribose together form adenosine.
All right? And then you'll see that on that last carbon of the sugar, we have three phosphate groups. All right? Okay, if you have only one phosphate group on this adenosine, it's called adenosine monophosphate.
If you have two, it's called adenosine diphosphate. And if you have three, it's called adenosine triphosphate. Okay? The other thing I want you to notice is if you look at those phosphate groups, you see all those negative charges, right? You have all these negative charges hanging out right together.
This is key for the way ATP works. That's what happens when you have negative charges, similar charges close together. They repel each other.
That's right. Okay, so we're going to come back to ATP in a bit. Alright, and you can see that these are anabolic.
We go from adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate. So we break a bond. And that is where we get the energy to do whatever reaction we're doing in building that large molecule. Okay, when we consume foods, they are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, they go through catabolism or catabolic reactions.
Okay, in this case, we're breaking down. I'm going to say a sugar or a lipid because those are the most common. Okay, so we're breaking down a large macromolecule. Every time we break those bonds, we can harvest a little bit of energy.
And then we can take that energy that we've harvested in those reactions, and we can go from adenosine diphosphate, we can tack another phosphate back on to ADP to make adenosine triphosphate, to make ATP. Okay? So this is kind of how these things work. Does that make sense?
Okay, so let's talk a little bit about energy, right? Um, energy is required to do work. Okay, so kinetic energy is, you know, as like you see in the center there, that's a ball bouncing down the stairs, is the energy of motion, right? But things have potential energy, okay, at two different levels. So this is not energy associated with movement, it's energy that's actually stored, okay?
So for us, we can think about this as the energy that is stored in the bonds of a sugar, or in the bonds of a protein, or in the bonds of a lipid, that is there for us to potentially harvest. Okay? And molecules have different energy levels inherent.
That is inherent to their atomic structure. Okay? But you can think about it. There are molecules that have very high...
high potential energy. They're very high energy molecules. They're like a ball sitting at the top of the stairs. It's not going to take much to have that ball move down and release a lot of kinetic energy, energy of motion. But you also have molecules that are at the other end of the spectrum.
Okay, they are actually, they're quite stable, so they don't really have very much potential energy stored in them. They're like a ball at the bottom of the stairs. If we want the ball to go back up the stairs, what's that going to require?
Yeah, I just got off the phone with Tony. Did she tell you? We're going to have to.
So if this is something that's going to require energy, we consider that a chemical reaction. What kind of chemical reaction? Yeah, Friday mornings.
Anabolic, right? What if we're breaking? I think Friday morning smoke in my bow stuff happens on Fridays.
I don't know why. Okay. So. What would be best, like, with her class schedule?
Probably Friday and Wednesday. Same schedule. Same schedule. Lawns have energy. Right, so...
Chemical energy... I don't know, I've been... doing with a little...
something right now, but... I think I'm fine. Is the energy that is stored in the... It's a potential energy.
Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Thank y'all. Just let me know what day works best for y'all.
Monday or Friday. Okay. All right, bye. Okay. And we've talked about different types of bonds.
Okay, we talked about those in Chapter 2. We have strong and weak bonds. Okay, what is the example of a strong bond? A covalent bond.
What is a covalent bond? Sharing of two electrons. Okay?
So, a covalent bond is strong. Because the two atoms that came together now have their valence electron shells filled. Okay, that makes them more stable. And so that's a very strong bond. It's also, since it is more stable, it actually has less potential energy.
Okay? If then it would if we just had the two atoms, because we just had the two atoms apart, they would be missing an electron in their valence shell. So that would be unstable.
So they have slightly have more energy before they come together. Right. And we talked about different weak bonds. So what are the weak bonds? Hydrogen bonds.
VanderWaal's interactions. I. Hey, I don't know what's happening with my balance schedule.
Like, is there, like, last time, was it, like, rocky last time I ran against? Was my stool, like, rocky? Okay, because I feel like I have to go again. Okay.
I'll probably just push it until tomorrow, but I mean... I hope. Okay, what like how later Hair is coming at 130 minutes potential energy.
And they have that high potential energy because they are easily broken. You want me to call for the safe? You don't have to do it.
I just want to, I hate calling y'all to get this, but I mean. Because we have... No.
Because my worst fear is because I just started getting a headache a little while ago. Where is the energy stored? In ATP.
Okay. All right. Thank you so much.
What part are we breaking when we hydrolyze ATP? We're taking the phosphate off, okay? The energy in ATP is stored here.
Yo, I'll shoot you a type 1 I'm wearing for y'all. I'm getting shit set up and the caregiver's coming. So, ATP has lots of those phosphates. It has the highest potential energy.
Every time you cleave one of those phosphate bonds, here, You are releasing some energy to do work that can be captured to do work. If it just breaks apart, kind of out in solution, there's not going to be anything there to capture that energy. And so that energy will be lost.
Okay? So one thing that's special, I mean, we don't want our ATP spontaneously breaking down, right? No? Why not? What would happen?
What would happen? No, help her out, help her out. What would happen if our ATP just spontaneously, if these phosphate bonds just spontaneously broke?
We have what? One at a time. I can't hear everybody. Cole, what do you think? That's right.
Because our phosphate, we would die, actually. We wouldn't have any ATP to do anything. Okay? So, that's why this is very controlled in the cell.
You can't just break ATP apart in the cell. It has a lot to do with its biochemistry and biophysics, but ATP has to be bound in an enzyme to break that. It doesn't just happen out in the whatever, in the cytosol.
It's controlled. And that's exactly what you said. If it was uncontrolled and it could just spontaneously happen, that would not be good. So this is one of the big functions of enzymes. They are controlling how these reactions happen and when they happen.
Okay, so that we have a controlled mechanism going on, especially when we're utilizing energy, which is precious. It's a finite resource. Okay. Does that make sense?
So, the other thing about ATP... Hey, they're having another one there. But they're going to come in the next 30 minutes probably. I know it's not scheduled, but I mean, my doubt. I know.
Yeah. So. Okay. Yeah. It'll be Monday after my.
We need to kind of. Okay. Monday after your. So you come back after your A's and then you look at the high energy molecules. You know what you got to do better.
All right, bye. Right in the middle is ATP as far as energy. And it can take energy from a high energy molecule and pass it down to some lower energy molecules. Yeah, they ain't coming. I forgot.
I'm thinking about some more of them. And that's where we need it, to kind of bridge that gap between these high-energy and low-energy molecules. And when we talk about glycolysis, you'll see what I'm talking about with these molecules.
Okay? All right, we've talked about, I think we've talked about all of this, but yes, yes. I have a question.
Actually, I'm good. I don't need y'all tonight. Yes.
So that's like the ball rolling down the stairs. Okay, so the cell is taking advantage of that concentration gradient. That concentration gradient is where the potential energy is stored.
So in glycolic... We always have a higher concentration of glucose in our bloodstream than inside the cell. Okay, so that we're constantly...
Caught me some fireball shooters....out of the cell, not out. Okay, it's very rare we want to do that, okay? And the way you keep that concentration gradient going is that as soon as glucose enters a cell, you add a phosphate to it.
Okay, it becomes glucose 6-phosphate. That's the first reaction in glycolysis. That is a totally different molecule from glucose, and so to the cell, it's like we don't have any glucose. More glucose comes in.
Okay? Does that make sense? Does that make sense? Not really?
Okay. Oh, okay. So, hang on a second.
Okay, so I think it'll be easier if I... So, in our bloodstream, we have a high concentration of glucose. Right, that we need and it's mobilized in the bloodstream to get it to cells, right, to provide energy.
Okay, so in the cell, we want to have a low concentration of glucose. Okay, because... There's this membrane enzyme, or membrane transporter called the glucose transporter.
It doesn't require energy. You don't use energy. What it requires is a concentration.
So it's going to transfer glucose into the cell down a concentration gradient. The phrase of the day is, come, can't come. Can't come. And I'm Minecrafting her portal to the house. Does that make sense?
Okay. So, what we have, what we have, let's just say, we transported her because she was sick. So, what happened is now we have a higher concentration of glucose in the cell versus in the bloodstream. So, we had a higher, so if you think about it, we had a higher concentration of glucose in the bloodstream, low in the cell.
We transported glucose down the concentration gradient into the cell. Okay. I reversed that and have higher in the cell and lower in the bloodstream.
I'm using a concentration gradient again, right? So, how is it going to move? No, not against the patient.
I got higher in the cell, lower in the bloodstream. So high concentration in the cell, low concentration in the bloodstream. Help her out, help her out. know what?
Yeah, glucose is going to go from the high concentration to the low concentration. It's going to fall right back out of the cell, right? We don't want, that's counterproductive.
We don't want that, right? So we have to somehow keep a low concentration of glucose in the cell. Okay, so what happens is that as soon as you get glucose in the cell, You add a phosphate group, and it gives you something called...
It's maybe not working, but there is not even a single... Yes, it's one phosphate group packed onto a six carbons group. Okay, so now we don't have this anymore, right? We have glucose six phosphate.
Well, that, we talked about shape kind of means everything. adding that phosphate group is enough to change the shape that now the glucose transporter doesn't recognize that. It looks like there's a low concentration of glucose in the cell and we keep moving glucose in.
Does that make sense? Okay. Any other questions? Any other questions?
Okay. So, this is actually the first reaction of glycolysis. So glycolysis is where we break down...
Hey Siri, Paul, Tony, and I'm around....heard about glycolysis. Raise your hand if you've heard about glycolysis. So some people have, some people haven't. We're kind of going to walk through it a little bit differently. For me, memorizing a set of reactions is really meaningless, okay?
You need to understand why are we doing this reaction. Nothing in the cell is done for no reason. So why did we do this reaction? We just talked about it.
Why did we do this reaction? Right over here. What now?
Why do we put a phosphate on glucose? Hey, it's actually being bad. Oh, it is?
Yeah. I mean I'm leaving my door at 9 or at 8 30 so I'll just have to see y'all tomorrow morning now it's fine Lower, lower. We don't have glucose anymore, right? We have glucose 6-phosphate.
So the reason we do this reaction is not because it is... I lied, they're not coming tonight, but they can't. The reason for this reaction is we have an enzyme that attacks on that phosphate. I mean, they can come at 8.30 and I'm leaving at 8.30, so...
So it stays in the cell. Okay. And we don't lose glucose. I'm going to have to push it.
Okay, so it's a lot easier to know chemical reactions. No, but I've been like on the verge of. Yeah, I think that's smart to add it up then.
Yeah, well I guess they'll... tomorrow and I'm just hoping nothing happens in the middle of the night. Any other questions? Yeah. Okay, so...
I think you'll be fine. Yeah, I think I will too. I just need to let it kind of pass. I'm starting to sweat though, which is the problem....moving from the bloodstream into the cell. Well...
the bloodstream was our potential? Come back early if you have to. Right here, you got it. Get your stuff pushed into the bag.
Either that or, you know, just come back and then get back out at 930. Those could be our problem. From the glucose, but what is different between the glucose and the bloodstream? Yeah, that's smart.
The concentration gradient, right? So that concentration gradient stores, that's where the energy comes to move. No, they're going to ATO.
Fifteen minutes. They're 40 minutes away now. There they go.
Okay, but it doesn't need ATP. It takes advantage of the energy score in the concentration gradient. Okay, yep, that's smart.
Okay. Alright, fine. So we took that potential energy in the concentration gradient and the transporter used it to move the glucose in to do work.
Right, that is an energy transformation. And it's what we've been talking about. Does that make sense?
I know it's a lot. It is a lot. Try to break it down a little bit.
Alright. So we talked about, we talked about this, that, uh, ATP's, the energy of ATP is stored in the phosphate, the phosphate bond. Because it's getting bad. I'm just going to meet my buddies out.
Who remembers what kind of bond this is? We talked about it. It's an ester bond. Very good.
These are ester bonds. Very nice. Yes.
That's what I'm thinking. So, an ester bond is actually this oxygen between two, um, more electric bonds. If not, it's fine. Which phosphate is. And it has to, an ester bond is a specific type of bond.
It involves, the oxygen is sitting there. Anytime you see oxygen bonded like that, it's an ester bond. Okay. You'll learn about it more in organic chemistry, probably in regular chemistry. All right.
So we've kind of learned a little bit about metabolism. Let's talk about thermodynamics. Okay.
So we've already talked. The first law of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. Okay, the total amount of energy in the universe is already here. It has always been here, and it will always be here until the universe ends. Okay?
We cannot create energy. We cannot... destroy energy. It just changes form. So, this is a good idea.
Oh, excuse me. This is a good representation of Changing molecules. We have a square molecule and now we need to break the bonds apart and make it into a linear molecule.
That's like a chemical reaction. But we still have the same amount of energy in the square and in the linear molecule. We still have four blocks. We haven't created any energy.
We haven't destroyed it. Okay. Yeah, that's caregivers.
So the total amount of energy in the universe does not change. It's just changing forms. It's all in different forms all the time.
Okay. Y'all will have to meet me at... The second law of thermodynamics...
I'll meet y'all out there....or your kitchen. At APO. You shouldn't have trouble with it.
100%. You will have no trouble getting in. But like, I feel like Ash said, those caregivers are going to come at 9 and I'll leave you all out there. But y'all are good to come whenever you get here, but I just have to be here at night and I'll meet y'all out there right after. Okay.
We lose that to something called entropy. I love you. I love you. I love you. I love you.
I love you. I love you. I love you.
I love you. I love you. I love you.
I love you. I love you. I love you. I love you.
I love you. I love you. I love you.
I love you. I love you. I love you.
I love you. I love you. I love you. I love you.
I love you. I love you. I love you. I love you. Yeah, I know.
That kind of gave me the mind. They changed the world for us. And if you say it, you can get part of it. I'll give you that.
You've heard the saying, there is no perpetual motion machine. Okay? Every time you roll a ball, we know it eventually comes to a stop, right?
It's because you're losing some energy to the universe. All the energy doesn't stay in that, what's called a system. So we're always going to lose a little bit.
And so every time we do a transformation, we don't lose energy. don't get all that energy. We always are going to have, the energy that's available to do work is going to be a little bit less. And that's because we've got to pay our entropy fee.
We've got to pay entropy all the time. It's never going to let us off the hook. Okay? Thanks, Siri. Thanks, Perry Lewis.
It's at 1.38 a.m. tonight. The two laws of thermodynamics. If earlier, I'll let you know. So, let's think about the laws of thermodynamics and entropy, which is, remember, entropy is disorder.
We always have to pay entropy a little bit. So over here, this is an anabolic reaction. So what am I doing in an anabolic reaction?
I'm building something. So in this example, I'll take amino acids. and I'll build them into proteins.
Okay. I have to re-summon the radio. less organized between amino acids and proteins. I hear somebody saying amino acids, right? Because they're just monomers.
They're just hanging out. Right? But when we look at a protein, it could be thousands of amino acids folded into this immense superstructure, right? Very organized. Right?
we're going from less organized to more organized. Okay. So if we're going from less organized to more organized, we're going, how is the entropy changing? So what is more disorderly?
The amino acids, right? So we're going from essentially disorder, right? Where we have a higher entropy to, this is going to be more order. Right, where we actually have less entropy, right?
It's more organized. Okay, so in an anabolic reaction, to get more order, we have to add energy. Okay, to go from less organized to more organized in the cell, we must have energy.
Okay, and that's why we're using ATP over here. Does that make sense? Okay, so what if I have...
Um... Over here. So let's talk about the whole of respiration.
I'm going to go from glucose. Open the right TV in the right room. Okay. On the catabolic side.
So what is more ordered? bigger, has more bonds, more structure. The glucose, yeah.
So a catabolic reaction does what? It breaks down things, right? Catabolism breaks down molecules. So we're going to break down the glucose, which actually has high potential energy, and we're going to turn it into carbon dioxide, which is the lowest energy form of carbon that you can get.
Just a reminder to put shorts on me. the lowest energy. We're breaking it down. And as we break bonds, if we do it in a stepwise manner, what can we do?
What can we get if we break those bonds one at a time? We can get energy. We can harvest energy from those bonds. And that's what we're going to do.
And we're going to use it To make ATP. Right? We're going to go from ADP plus inorganic phosphate to, there's an enzyme here, to ATP and water. Okay. And the energy to run that enzyme came from all the bonds that we broke as we broke down that sugar and turned it into CO2.
Does that make sense? Does that make sense? Kind of?
Yes. So here we're doing the opposite thing. We're going from lower entropy to higher entropy.
Okay, so we actually are, you know, since we're going to something that's less organized, those reactions are going to probably happen spontaneously, and they do. They don't require energy, they actually make energy. Okay. The other thing to think about is all of our cells constantly require energy.
Thank you so much. Y'all are literal lifesavers. To maintain their level of organization and all the biochemical reactions.
Okay, so we constantly have things moving into the cell, moving out. Right? So our cells are not at equilibrium.
You probably have heard about equilibrium in chemistry class. It takes about a minute or two minutes. Something that's at equilibrium.
If we were at equilibrium, we do eventually reach equilibrium. We're dead. When you're dead, all the reactions in your body are at equilibrium.
We exist far away from equilibrium because we constantly have this energy and different molecules moving in and out. It'll make more sense when we talk about reactions, but just remember the cell is not at equilibrium. You are not at equilibrium.
Does that make sense? Any questions about that? No?
Okay, so we've talked about entropy. You know the laws, what's the first law of thermodynamics? The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.
It is not controlled or destroyed. It just does what? Changes form. Transforms. What's the second law of thermodynamics?
What now? You always have a little law. There is no 100% energy transfer. You got to pay. entropy is always going to take a little bit every time.
Every reaction is taking a little bit. All right, so let's look at chemical reactions. So a chemical reaction, very simply, is when two molecules interact, right?
And so you'll often see we'll have Okay, so in chemistry we often use this as our hand for all chemical reactions. You have two sides of that reaction. We have these guys which are our reactions. And then on the other side, we can have one product, but we usually put two. We have our products.
Okay, the arrows indicate the chemistry happening. So bonds are being broken, things are being rearranged, and new bonds are forming. Okay. What else do you notice about the reaction?
About those arrows in particular. Yes. What is the... Oh, this little thing?
Oh, so... So it's actually showing you the bonds that are being broken in this particular reaction. Okay, but just looking at our basic chemical reaction up there, what do you notice about the arrows?
They go in both directions, right? Chemical reactions work just as well forwards as they do work backwards. Okay, so this is the truth. Now, that's not what we want in the cell, right?
So if this was glucose... Okay, we want to break it down. We want to break our glucose down, harvest that energy, make new ATP for ourselves. So we don't want our reactions running in reverse, right? So what the cell does...
is it stacks the deck so that everything runs in the right direction. Okay. So you'll see that there are certain reactions that have a very high...
change in their energy. And they drive everything in one direction. So we don't have the backwards flow. Okay?
So the cell sets everything up so that you don't get things moving in different directions. Yes. Just the reaction itself, yes, if it was not in the cell and we just did it on the bench. Oh, it's going to come earlier with the rush ease.
It'll move in both directions just as well. Yeah, so that's true for all chemical reactions. Okay.
Now, if you look at this, we have CO2 and water. We have oceans come together to form something called carbonic acid. We also have carbonic acid in our blood.
It works as part of the buffering system in the blood. So the other thing that, one way you can stack the deck, so we wanted to go, we really wanted to break the glucose down and get a CO2. and water, well, we could manipulate the concentrations, right?
We could change, we could have a high concentration of... I got to get a little... I'm not feeling the greatest I'm going to have, so we'll come out with it.
Okay. That's going In the early stage they can come and stalk you. So...
So I'll see you eventually. And I talked about equilibrium. Have you guys talked about equilibrium in chemistry?
Yes? No? No.
Okay, so equilibrium. Yeah, I saw that earlier and thought you would love it. Chemical equilibrium is when the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the backward reaction are the same. Okay, so you have basically... I'm sorry.
I'm taking pictures of myself, and I'm going to do a double-layer rant in VOD. Okay. Tuesday Thursday Thursday So this, you're always going to, the cell does a lot manipulating not just the concentrations but also the conditions. Right, and some of these reactions you cannot do them without an enzyme.
In fact, most of our reactions require an enzyme. Okay, so that's another level of control over how does this reaction work and work so quickly. Okay, so that's what chemical equilibrium is. It's a piece.
There are questions about that. Okay. Have you talked about Gibbs free? energy in chemistry okay so Gibbs free energy let's name that because of this guy his name was Josiah Gibbs today and tomorrow They are going to be in the States.
Tomorrow is going to be long. I'm going to be at ATO until 1 tonight. And then I have the game tomorrow.
$50, but you can put it on as a gift. Okay. And we, when we talk about the gift-free energy, we talk about it as a gift.
Okay. So, when we do a reaction going from reactants to products, we have a change in the Gibbs free energy, and that's called delta G. So, I'm just going to wait until another time to do that. Between the reactants and the products. Okay, so the equation for Gibbs to figure out what the change in free energy is, the delta G.
is the delta means change. So delta H minus T delta S. Okay, H. Yeah, some of that would be doing a lot of time in the system.
I got invited early to go with the people who are rushing ATO, but I'm not going to leave with the guys. So I guess I'll just go another time. I've got all year. And the nurses are coming in now.
And T is the temperature. It's wherever this reaction is. For the time being, it showed up in the Friday night show.
But you're both recording? Yeah, I mean, who wouldn't want to try to be Michael Walker? That's what I was going for.
Okay. So if we look at this reaction and we break it, look at, this is the Gibbs free energy reaction. If we look at this reaction and just break it down, this is the free energy available to do work.
But those are the only two base runners between the two teams. It's equal to the total energy, which is delta H. Minus the energy that's not going to be available. We're going to have to pay to entropy.
Okay. Okay? So if you take the total amount of energy, you subtract out what we have to pay to entropy for disorder. What we have left is the energy that we can use to do work.
Does that make sense? So that's what delta G equals delta H minus the temperature times the change in temperature. The temperature is included because temperature... Influences how molecules move.
Okay, and that is associated, higher movement, higher temperature causes higher movement. That is associated with more disorder. Okay, so that's why you have to include the temperature in there to figure it out. Okay.
Does that make sense? Okay. I'm going to stop here. I'm going to let this go. Hey, Siri.
Text Dad.