Transcript for:
Islam's Influence in Global Trade and Culture

World History Middle East(Unit 1, Topic 1.2) 08/15 Islam geography * Islam will be dominant culture of: -Middle east -North Africa, and -Spain in 1200 * Islam Controls the crossroads of the ssewSilk road and Indian Ocean trade * Muslim merchants will be minorities * Live in small diasporic communities in urban areas on trade routes in China, S. Asia, Se Asia, etc. Political Systems * Muslims will live in many different states that states conflict with each other -Just because you practice same religion doesn’t mean you “get along” * Many leaders of Muslim states will claim to be Caliph -Caliph: the true head of all Muslims * Some Muslim groups will build empires * Generally, Muslims states share same political traits -Example of Muslim Empire: Abbasid Caliphateqqq8 Islam Political Systems(Abbasid Caliphate) * Muslim Empire * Has all the traits of an empire * Leader claimed to be Caliph * Was tolerant towards non-Muslims groups if non-believers paid the Jizya -Jizya - Muslim tax on non-believers of the faith 08/16 Islam Economics * Muslim groups are active in world trade extensively on the Silk Rd, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan * Muslim controlled cities will develop on all trade routes * To become a merchant or an artisan who makes fine things are honored profession in Islam -Muhammad himself was a merchant * Anywhere in Eurasia where there is trade, there will be Muslims Religion * Founded by Muhammad in 7th century -“Last prophet” * Monotheistic * Today, Islam is world’s 2nd largest religion and it largely spread during 1200-1450 * Believe in 5 Pillars of Islam -Faith: there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet -Prayer: all Muslims pray five times a day facing Mecca -Fasting: all Muslims fast during Ramadan -Pilgrimage: all true believers with the means are expected to visit Mecca on pilgrimage at least once during their life -Alms: be generous to those in need Social * All the traits of a civilization * Alcohol and pork is forbidden * Pictures of the Prophet Muhammad and Allah (God) are forbidden * Because it is a missionary religion, Muslims will speak many different languages and be ethnically diverse -Arabic spreads as Islam spreads * Upper class/middle class women frequently veil themselves -The koran(holy book) instructs women and men to dress modestly * Preserve and spread Greek and Roman knowledge from the previous period Islam Innovation * Many Muslims innovations are designed to increase trade * Caravanserai: Roadside inns that are located approximately a day’s journey apart on major trade routes * Algebra * Nasir al - Din al - Tusi: Father of trigonometry Islam Arts/ Architecture * The main architectural elements of Islamic architecture are the dome, arch, and Muqarnas vault. * Radiant colors, rich patterns, and symmetrical silhouettes Dates * August 30th -Friday, you will have your first SAQ(short-answer question) * September 5th -Thursday after Labor Day, you will have a Period 1 test 08/19 East Asia * Often called a subcontinent, which is politically and geographically separate from the rest of the continent Why is South Asia “geographically” separate? * Isolated from the rest of Asia because of mountains and Indian Ocean -India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal * Isolation led to unique religions, cultures, ethnicities, and languages * Silk Road enters S. Asia through Kyber Pass * By 1200, S. Asia was heavily involved in global interactions Political * Mostly divided into smaller kingdoms that fought one another * South Asia Empires are rare by this period * CB wants you to know name of one: Delhi Sultanate Economics * Engaged in long distance trade on Silk Road and Indian Ocean Trading Route * Luxury goods: Textiles(clothing), and spices Religion * Hinduism-native religion, stays in S. and SE Asia -Polytheistic -Is dominant religious beliefs and is closely tied to caste system -NOT a missionary religion * Buddhism- native religion that spins off Hinduism -Founded by Buddha -By 1200, Buddhism has declined and does not have large following in S. Asia * BUT it is still spreading elsewhere!! -Missionary religion- spreads to East and SE Asia * Islam- Turkish migrants had conquered parts of Northern India(built Delhi Sultanate) -Islam is spreading by conquest, trade, and the work of Sufis -Muslim versus Hindu conflict is a growing problem -Is a missionary religion * Sufism: mystical Muslim group that believed they could be closer Allah through prayer, fasting, and simple life -Significance: most successful missionaries, helped spread -Syncretic -Spreads Islam in S. Asia Social Institution-S. Asia * Caste system-rigid set social hierarchy -The caste you are born into remains caste your whole life. There is no social mobility(this bring stability) -Brahamins-Hindu priests, who are the highest caste -Untouchables(pariahs)- those without a caste * Like everywhere, India is extremely patriarchal * Sati- widow burning * Child marriage Innovation-South Asia * Invented Hindu numerals -Better known as Arabic Numerals * Created a number system based on columns of 1, 10, and 100 * Created concepts of decimals 08/20 Geography- Africa * For 1200-1450, you must East Africa and West Africa * West Africa(Empire): Saharan Desert, Hot Climate, Land-based trading * East African City-States(Meaning the city is also the state): On Indian Ocean, Tropical climate, Maritime-based trading Political * West Africa: Organized into large empires, Capital is Timbuctoo, Emperor Manso Musa famous for his Hajj to Mecca(early Muslim convert) * East Africa: Organized into competing city-states, City-state: a city that is also your state(country) Economic * (Overall both East and West Africa)Major trading route: Trans-saharan trading route, Muslim merchants bring in luxury goods from around the world * West Africa: Major trade partners were Muslim merchants in North Africa, Exported gold, Imported salt * East Africa: Engaged in trade on Indian Ocean, Trade with Muslim merchant from N. Africa, Middle east, and S. Asian merchants, Exported lumber, ivory, gold, and enslaved people * Slave=enslaved/person *In period 1(1200-1450) the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade is NOT yet occuring *The indian Ocean African Slave Trade Religion * Islam is brought to West and East Africa by Muslim merchants * In both places a unique syncretic form of Islam will be practiced that blends parts of Islam with native religions * Upper classes practiced a “purer” form of Islam * Lower classes practiced a “dirtier” form(syncretic form) * Islam is different here than in North Africa or in the Middle East * Muslim diasporic communities established in both places Social Institutions * Both groups owned enslaved peoples -East Africa exported them * Patriarchal, but less so than other places * Arabic is spread * Swhaili will be spoken in East Africa -Syncretic language -A fusion of native languages and Arabic Arts/Architecture * Timbuctoo- capital of Mali(W. Africa) * Muslim architecture(domes, symmetry) with local materials 08/21 * APWH requires students to understand three historical thinking skills -Similarity/Difference -Change/Continuity -Cause/Effect Comparison * Compare related historical developments and processes across place, time and/or different societies or within on society * Explain and evaluate multiple and differing perspectives on a given historical phenomenon Change and Continuity * Analyze and evaluate historical patterns of continuity and change over time * Connect patterns of continuity and change over time to larger historical processes or themes. Cause and Effect(Causation) * Compare causes and/or effects, including between short- and long-term effects. * Analyze and evaluate the interaction of multiple causes and/or effects 08/23 Indian Ocean Trading Route * Connects E. Asia, SE Asia, S. Asia, Middle East, N. Africa, and Southern Africa * All places on the Indian Ocean * The biggest difference in maritime trade and land-based trading is you can send heavier bulk goods by ship * Heavier trading goods include: E. Asian iron, E. African enslaved people, E. African lumber * Like land-based trade routes, maritime trade routes spread: luxury goods, culture, crops, technology, and language * Trade is open, safe, and not governed Environmental Patterns that Made Trade Possible * The Monsoon Winds: Wind pattern that made easy trade possible in the Indian Ocean, Winds blew from East to West during one part of the year and West to East later(This allows merchants to travel in both directions annually) Indian Ocean-Other Stuff * New cities that emerge on Maritime-trading routes-Kilwa and Zanzibar(This is an example of a Swahili City-State that thrive in East Africa) * New trade technologies that enabled maritime trade: Compass, Astrolabe, Lateen Sail, The Dhow(Middle East), Junk(East Asia) * Junks-China * Dhow-Middle East Admiral Zheng He * Admiral Zheng He-Chinese explorer that led “treasure voyages” * Visited SE Asia, India, W. Asia and E. Africa * Exemplified Chinese technological superiority with sailing journeys on Junk Dangerous Foreshadowing * 1200 was generally a period of peace and prosperity in Afro-Eurasia * Large empires based on maximizing resources like food productions * Pastoral communities-nomads who produce food by raising animals(They live in empty spaces between big civilizations and empires, Less complex systems of government) * They help foster trade from one world region to another, But they can also be opportunistic raiders when they see weakness and vulnerability * Turkish migration- Nomadic pastoralists that sweep into the Middle East and S. Asia * By this time, they control the Abbasid Caliphate and have built the Delhi Sultanate 08/28 The Mongols * The Mongols are the largest empire in history * 1 in 200 men are directly related to Genghis Khan -There’s a .5% chance you’re related to him -8% if you’re of Asian heritage * Estimated that the Mong’’ols killed over 40 million people * Nomadic pastoralists that unite under Genghis Kham(Temujin) -They will change everything in 1200-1450(Period 1) * They destroy empires like the Song Dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate…and many more * -Are raiders, pillagers, and plunderers * -Horses provide a huge advantage * -Destroyed cities(Remember: cities are always targeted) * Terrorized Eurasia during the 13th century(1200s) * Built largest land-based empire in world history Geography * Largest continuous empire in the world * East Asia, Central Asia, Middle East, parts of Europe * It covered a vast area of about 16.11% of the total land area of the World. Politcal * Mongols were not used to complex systems of government. So, they used existing systems of government of conquered people -Remember: most successful empires = tolerant * Mongols moved experienced bureaucrats from one region to another to help them rule -Gave conquered groups much self-rule if they stayed peaceful * Ushered in Pax Mongolica -200 years of relative peace thanks to unified rule of Ghengis Khan and his descendants Economics * Golden era of Slik Road trade -Mongols made trade safe and cheaper * Mongols adopted Chinese paper currency and used it for trade Religion * Mongols are ASSIMILATORS, not DIFFUSERS * Missionaries spread Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam all over the emoire * Most Mongols adopt religions of conquered areas Innovations * Because of the openness of trade ideas, knowledge, and technology spread all over Afro-Eurasia * Paper, printing compass, astrolabe, gunpowder, Arabic numerals, banking, checking, and Arabic will all continue to spread and reach more world regions and people Black Plague * Mongol conquests are primary reasons for the spread of Black Plague in the 14th century(1300s) Mongol Khanates, 1300-1400 * Smaler Mongol Empires that form and rule Asia roughly 1300-1400 -Have all the traits of an empire * Yuan-Mongol Khanate- China adopted Chinese practices -High point of Buddhism in China -Marco Polo worked for Yuan Emperor * Ilhanate- Mongol Khanate in Middle East -Ruling Mongols adopted Islam as religion * Golden Horde- Mongol Khanate in Russia -Ruling dark, Muslim Mongols ruled over white Christian Russians * Chiggatti Khanate- Mongol Khanate in Central Asia -Convert to Islam -Capital was Samarkland * All Khanates continue Mongol policies of spreading trade * All collapse because of assimilation 09/03 Economic * Not engaged in interregional(within a state) trade -Not much trade occurring * Subsistence farming by serfs -Growing only enough for themselves * Very few urban * Food is grown to semi-coerced labor by serfs * People work and lived in the memorial system Religion * Europeans primarily practice christianity -Roman Catholics(monotheism) -Led by leader called the Pope -Missionary religion * Islam in Spain -Muslim grip is slipping-Christains are beginning to push out Muslims * Judaism -Not a missionary religion * Jewish diaspora in the few urban areas of Europe -Jews get blamed for spreading the plague Social Institution * Very little social mobility -Very clear hierarchy * Very patriarchal * Feudal system -Serfs provided food in return for protection Architecture * Manors to “keep people in their place” * Cathedrals to reinforce religious structure The Crusades * By the end of 1200-1450, Europe will finally begin to have interaction with people outside of the region… -The Crusades! * Series of wars led by Catholic Popes -Most had the goat of reclaiming Holy Land and Jerusalem from Muslim control * The first crusade one was a success -The rest were varying degrees of fail -Children’s Crusade * Important because were Europe’s only intense interactions with more advanced groups of people. Led to new ideas and tastes developing * Arabic numerals, compass, astrolabe, and a demand for spices all come to Europe as a result of the Crusades 09/04 Geography-S. America * Incas: Located in Peru * Stretch 2,000 miles(largest empire in Americas) * Located in the Andes Mountains Political * Developed a complex administrative system and a large network of paved roads under a single government Economy * Trade and agriculture were an important part of their economy, growing corn and most importantly potatoes Religion * Polytheistic * Held that gods could be satisfied through human sacrifice Social * Had all the traits of a civilization * Practices the Mita system Innovations-The Mita System * Labor tax * If you lived in empire, you owed your government a number of days of work -Road-building -Monumental architectural Architecture * Mita system provided labor force to build Machu Picchu (city) and many temples to Gods 09/09 Period 2 Unit 4 Problem * The Crusades really ticked off Muslims * Muslim merchants are in charge of land-based trading routes * Muslims essentially ban Eurpeans from engaging in land-based trade Innovation from Asia *Finally* Reach Europe(Post Crusades) * Compass (East Asia) * Astrolabe * Laateen Sails * Understanding of global wind patterns -Monsoon in Indian Ocean New Innovations from Asia Reached Europe * Europeans innovative new technologies like the caravel -Caravels are smaller than Junks but quicker as easier to maneuver in the wind Voyages of Exploration * Voyages of Exploration describes early European exploration, what the explorers discovered and the significance of those discoveries New powerful European states were formed (European Colonial and Trading Post Empires 1450-1750): European States YOU MUST KNOW in 1450-1750: * Portugal * Spain * Netherlands * France * Great Britain * European states like Spain,Portugal,Britain,Netherlands,and France were created b/c they have have resources of exploration -Voyages of exploration= not cheap Spain: * Reconquista (Spain for Reconquest) began in 700 AD -700 years and over 10 million dead in the same of religion * Christian Spain slowly ousts Muslim Moors during a series of brutal war * 1492-- Ferdinand and Isabella defeat Muslims -Reconquista was significant because it marked Christaian reconquest of Christian territory that had been seized by the Muslim kingdoms. 09/10 Rise of Spain: * New innovations reach Europe from Asia -New technology to help navigation -Results in creation of Caravel 1492 * Reconquista AND Christopher Columbus -“Discovers” New World * Major Christian EMpire -Ferdinand and Isabella Rise of Portugal * First European state to engage in voyages of exploration -Looking for a route around Africa to India and the Spice Trade * Banned from the Silk Road because of the crusades * As portuguese explore: -They mapped out African coast,AND -Began trading with West African tribes * In 1488,explorer,Bartolomeu Dias discovers the Cape of Good Hope. -The Portuguese were elated-they finally knew how big Africa was. * Vasco de Gama discovers a route to India 1498 -Brings back black pepper from India -Sold in equal weight for gold Rise Of Europe * Make sure you understand Christopher Columbus between B. Dias and V. De Gama Why? -Europe is “discovering” routes very quickly -This will lead to rapid rise of European maritime-empires Portugal trading Post to Global Empire * Attempts to dominate and control trade in Indian ocean through control of strategic trade posts -Compare to 1200-1450 Indian Ocean Trading Route--free and open trading v. Portuguese dominated * Portugal acquires Brazil by a mistake -Is the only major overseas territory they will control -Most of the territory will be controlled by small trading posts -Need to cheap labor for sugar * Starts Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade to the Americas * Lead to the collapse of 09/11 Voyages of Christopher Columbus * Italian explorer that sailed for Spain -Completed 4 voyages across Atlantic Ocean -Never set foot on mainland North or South America * Sailed for Spain (Isabella and Fedinand)with 3 ships -Portugal discovered route around Africa,so pressure to find another route to Asia -Another objective of Columbus was too find gold-Spanish Crown had agreed he could keep 10% of gold * Contrary to popular belief very few people believed that Earth was flat * By then astrolabe and other technology proved Earth was a sphere. Taino People * First indigenous people encountered by Columbus -Believed to have population of up to 1,000,000 people * Spaniards exploited islands gold mines and reduced the Taino to enslavement * Within 25 years of Columbus arrival in Haiti most of the Taino had died from enslavement massacre or disease -By 1514 only 3200 Taino survived Pros Cons * Europe “opens” New World -Creates new trading routes -Discovery leads to more exploration * Europeans had access to new materials * Spreads Christianity * Wasted a lot of Spain’s money * Responsible for the murder of innocent indigenous people * Enslaved indigenous people * Forced Christianity 9/12 Spanish Conquest of Americas * Using guns gerns,and steel ans horses. * Spanish Conquistadors destroy major Amer-Indian empires quickly -This opens up new untapped resources -Spain becomes global power The Columbian Exchange * First TRULY global exchange * New exchange of food people disease plants and religion -Take place between Europe Africa Americas and Asia in post Columbus world. Transfer of Diseases * Not just people but also vermin such as rats that came on ships * Results in the deaths of 95% of Amer-Indian populations * Diseases are going to be transferred both ways * The worst disease that will be spread from Europeans and African enslaved peoples is smallpox * From America to Europe: Syphilis-STD New Trading Goods * From America→Europe: * Spanish export silver to Asia through Philippines * Portuguese (Brazil) export sugar to Europe grown by enslaved people on plantations * Spanish,English,French and Dutch have islands in Caribbean-Grow and export sugar * British export tobacco from 13 colonies * From Europe,Africa→America: * Enslaved people from Africa * Manufactured goods * From Europe→Africa: * Guns * Textiles * Metal goods * From Asia→Europe: * Chinese silk and porcelain to Spain through the Philippines * New Staple Crops and Animals America→Europe,and Africa and Asia * Potatoes * Corn * Peppers * Pumpkins * Tobacco * Manioc(Africa) * Tomatoes Africa→America * Rice * Okra * Bananas Europe→America * Citrus Trees * Horses * Pigs * Chicken * Cattle Food/Disease/Religion Exchanges Period 1 * Muslims merchants take citrus, coffee, sugar from SE Asia * Spread of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism * Disease: Bubonic Plague Period 2 * Columbian Exchange * Christianity to the New World * Diseases: Smallpox, Syphilis Impact of New Food Exchanges * Despite negative impact of diseases and weapons on native groups in Africa and Americas, global populations increase as a result of new food exchanges -Most unprecedented food exchange in history Spread of Religion and Language * English, Spanish, Portuguese, Duth, and French Spread globally to colonies * Protestant and Catholic beliefs spread to colonies in Americas and Asia -Christianity will be 1st truly global religion * African languages and native religious belief spread to Americas -Create syncretic languages and religions: Gullah and Voodoo * All of these changes in Old World and New World will be driven by Europeans -Change from Period 1 to Period 2 09/13 LEQ Boot Camp * Change and Continuity * (1200-1459) Europe v 1450-1750 Europe * Similarity and Difference * GERPERSIA in China v.GPERSIA in South Asia) * Cause and Effect * (Crusades Cause Europeans to see outside world Effects New Interest in Luxury * Context-1 point * Thesis-1 point * Making an argument HTS-1 point * Having detailed specific evidence to support an argument=1-2 * Having a complex evidence rich essay that shows complexity by showing both parts of HTS-1 point * This is the hardest point to get! * Prompt:Every LEQ or DBQ will give you a prompt * You will see many questions that say”extent to which things changed” or “extent of similarity or “extent of effects” * You must stay on prompt * Saying things did not change IS evaluation of the extent of change * Prompt:Develop an argument that compares the extent to which at least two states in Asia or Africa exercised power differently in 1200-1450 * Step One-Write Context=1 point * Step Two-Write your Thesis=1 Point * You must have one historically accurate claim that responds to the prompt * The thesis must be in your opening paragraph * It should some directly after context * The only thing that should be in your opening paragraph is context and thesis * No “HOOKS” like in English class This is not about pretty technical it is about showing what you know I suggest having a two part thesis what changed and what continued the same or what a similarity and a difference or a cause 09/24 Unit 4 Main empires * Portugues * Spanish * Dutch * French * British European Maritime Empires * European empires engages in Voyages of Exploration, which give them access to resources no one else will have -Power=Resources -Eventually, these will also lead to colonies Trading Post Empire.(Early 16th to Early 17th Century) * First built by Portuguese * Instead of controlling territory Trading Post Empires were meant to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at fortified trading sites Trading Post Empire,Change v. Continuity 1200-1450:Indian Ocean Trading Route was free and open amongst 1450-1750:Portuguese controlled trading routes shut down local trade taxed merchants European Maritime Global Empires * Using new ships and exploiting knowledge of accurate cartography, Europeans will establish the first global,maritime empires -Will NOT BE INCLUSIVE or tolerant -WIll attempt to dominate global trade Spanish Empire(Largest empire we will talk about this period) * Based on exploiting wealth from the Americas * Exports silver and sugar * Colonized the Philippines to facilitate trade with the Ming (China) * Largest empire * Not in Indian Ocean * Followed the 3 G’s-God Gold Glory Treaty of Tordesillas * Catholicism: missionary religion * Portuguese and Spanish are both Catholic * Catholic Pope does not want these two competing empires to go to war -Treaty of Tordesillas * Portugal now a new free empire in Brazil * Needs cheap labor for sugar harvesting * With indigenous people killed off by diseases, Portugal will have to look elsewhere for cheap labor Dutch empire * Protestant * Built a trade post empire in African and Indian Ocean -Minor territories in the Americas -Key colony was Indonesia * Wealth came from transporting goods from one Asian market to another (period 1: Muslim merchant, Period 2: The Dutch) * Competed with the Portuguese British Empire * Protestant * Global * Competed with everyone * Spread Protestant faith * 13 colonies * Trade post in Africa and the Indian Ocean French Empire * Catholic * Trade posts in Africa and Indian Ocean * Canada * Islands in the Caribbean * We will talk about the impact of this in future classes but for now, you need to know: -Europeans are participating in Voyages of Exploration -Europeans are colonizing -Spreading religion and Spreading language -Europeans are involved in enormously large chunks of the world at this point 09/25 Global Labor Systems * 1200-1450 v. 1450-1750: * Labor Systems -At their most basic, labor systems are how laborers and employers work together * Labor systems in New World AFTER Spanish arrived: -Mita System -Chattel Enslavement -Encomienda/Hacienda system * In Europe and China peasant and artisan labor intensifies -Peasants produce more food and artisans produce more goods for global markets than in 1200-1450 * Example: Increased artisan labor:Chinese silk produce more silk to export to spanish (for silver) * Change or Continuity? * Indian Ocean Slave Trade continues * East African enslaved people are sold into enslavement by European and Muslim merchants into the Middle East and N. Africa * Change or Continuity * Trans-Atlantic slave trade will bring millions of enslaved people to work on plantations growing sugar in Brazil and Carribean and Tobbaco in British 13 colonies * Change or Continuity * Chattel-tangible personal property that is movable between locations * When applied to labor systems, it is form of labor in which worker is most dehumanized as they are considered private property of owner * Chattel enslaved people are bought and sold at owner’s discretion are uncompensated and have little chance of freedom -1450-1750:enslaved people are considered chattel * Africa provides chattel enslaved people to Americas for sugar and tobacco plantations -West African groups of people often captured neighboring groups of people to sell The Mita System What was the Mita System from 1200-1450? * In 1200-1450 Mita system was labor tax * In 1450-1750 Conquistadors adopt the Mita System to force indigenous people to do labor for the Spanish empire. * Essentially Spanish use labor tax(from 1200-1450) and use it to enslave indigenous people -Silver mines located in Potosi * For Spanish why use indigenous people and not African Enslaved People?(Think about the Treaty of Tordesillas) -It would take longer and they would have to go through the Portuguese Empire. Encomienda System * Encomienda: A grant by Spanish King to conquistadors * Grants the right to demand tribute (tax)and forced labor from the indigenous people in area Hacienda System * Like Encomienda and Mita system haciendas exploit indigenous labor * Hacienda was private estate -Produced food and goods primarily for local consumption -Self-sufficient estates although many were connected to encomienda for trades 09/30 Spanish Conquest of Americas * Casta (spanish for Caste) -System of hierarchy based on skin color * After conquest,Spanish will create a social hierarchy based on skin color -ALL EUROPEAN colonies in the Americas will have a color based hierarchy(not just Spanish) * After conquest,Spanish will create a social hierarchy based on skin color -Early roots of racism New Hierarchies in America * Elites-creoles -Creoles are those of European ancestry -They control political social and economic system in Spanish America * Middle group一mestizos一of mixed Spanish and native ancestry -They are the closest thing to a middle class -They could learn a trade and own land * Lowest group-enslaved and indigenous people Casta Paintings * Casta Paintings convey perception that the more European you are, the closer you are to the top of the social and racial hierarchy you belong New Religious Beliefs in America * Europeans will bring christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) into the Americas * African beliefs will mix with christian beliefs to create new syncretic beliefs for enslaved people in Americas -This religion called Vodun (Voodoo) * Native in Mestizos will incorporate native beliefs with Catholic beliefs -Examples are how Jesus is portrayed and Mardi Gras Resistance to labor systems in the New world Maroon Societies Pockets of escaped enslaved people in the Caribbean who ran away and formed their own societies on the fringes of European control Resistance of Enslaved People * In British North America (13 colonies) it was easier for enslaved people to escape * Other enslaved people fought back through rebellion against enslaves 10/1 World Economics System in 1450-1750 * Economics studies how people interact value -The economy is money. Its how we spent money and on what and why we spend that money Mercantilism * In 1450-1750 no economics exist -But large European empires believe in something called mercantilism -Mercantilism is belief is believe that there is a finite(limited) amount of wealth in the world * European empires will race and compete to capture Innovations that Europeans Create to Control Empires * Mercantilism- Colonist are only allowed to purchase and sell goods to the mother country -Think 13 colonist and England * Joint stock companies-corporations owned by stockholders -Used by rulers and merchants to finance voyages of explorations and compete with another one -Joint-stock companies in general,make money off the transportation of goods services Examples: * Dutch East India Company(VOC) -Powerful global corporation that controls Indonesia * British East Indian trade company(BEITC) -Competitor of VOC and most powerful company by 1750 Natiive Resistance to Europeans At least one example of natives that resist the Europeans:the Omani Period One:Arab traders of enslaved people (Indian Ocean Slave Trade) 1450-1750:Omani are conquered briefly bu Portuguese before overthrowing them After expelling Portuguese they start own Indian Ocean empire continuing to sell African enslaved people to the Mid East Europeans will ally with different African tribes and states Based on trading partnerships from Voyages of Exploration Remember-Whole Dias and De Gama were looking for routes around Africa they were encountering and building relationships with West AFrican Impact on West Africa African allies will sell enslaved people that Europeans will take to the Americans Enslaved people in return Some African states and tribes benefit from the slave Kongo-Africa state that allied with Portuguese and captured and sold enslaved people Land Based Empires and States All have traits of a traditional empire and Period one Build 10/4 Unit 3/1 Land-Based empires and States * All have traits of a traditional empire and Period one * Build these empires using guns and cannons -East Asia-Ming/Quig (Manchu) and in Japan (Tokugawa Shogunate) -S. Asia- Mughal Empire -Middle East- Safavid Empire -Mediterranean- Ottoman Empire Not as important as global maritime empires Ming (China)- East Asia * Ming- Chinese dynasty that drove out the Mongols * Rules as traditional Chinese dynasty -Mandate of Heaven, tradition religions, civil service exams, bureaucracy, etc. * Limits outside influence and creates isolationist policies * Lack of involvement in global affairs allows European Dominance -While this a period of prosperity for China, China is falling behind in tech, and trade * Funds the voyages of Zheng He * Rebuilds much of Great Wall of China * Ends use of paper money and turns to a silver backed currency The Greatest Mistake in Human History * The Ming: -Cease funding Zheng He’s voyages -Adopt isolationist policies (no outside trade except for silver) -Stop funding navy -Redirect money to Great Wall (fear the Mongols come back) -Allows European power and expansion to go unchecked -China had the capacity to keep Europe in check, but they don’t Collapse of Ming, 1639 * Traditional dynasty-- -Prove they have the Mandate of Heaven * Unpopular emperors, serious flood, massive rebellion against the Ming take place * Mercenary--a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army -Mercenaries fight for money or other forms of payment rather than for political interest * The Ming hire foreign mercenaries from Manchuria -Machu soldiers were able to defeat the rebels, but realizing new power they overthrow Ming and setup their own dynasty in China -New Dynasty: The Qing -Thi will be the 2nd time China is ruled by foreign powers -The mongols was the first time The Qing, 1639-1911 * Last Chinese dynasty G-East Asia P- Traditional themes. Qing assimilate E- taxes must be paid in silver currency -Continue trade with Spain in the Philippines -Continues Silk Road trade R- Traditional Chinese religions. -Catholic missionaries under Matteo Ricci have minor success S- Social - segregate themselves from the Han Chinese majority and force them to wear the queue as a sign of submission I- Innovations-- * Populations grow rapidly as columbian food exchange reaches China * Period of great peace and prosperity masks the decline in Chinese power -isolationism cause China to fall behind growing European states 10/7 Gunpowder Empires Part One Period Two * Three land based Muslim ruled empires(Muslim controlled) * Safavids, ottomans and Mughal * All the traits of a traditional land based empire * Importance is decreased because they are not involved in global maritime interactions * Safavids fight both because they believe in a different form of Islam(Shia Islam) Ottomans * Conquered Constantinople in 1452 * Cut off Christian Europe from Silk Road * One of the reasons portugal undertook voyages of exploration * Conquered much of Christian Eastern Europe Ottoman Political Systems * Traits of a long lasting empire * Led by a Sultan who claimed to be Caliph * Capitol is Istanbul * DevShirme System- Ottomans would take young Christian boys from poor rural areas, castrate them, convert them to Sunni Islam and train them to become Bureaucrats or elite soldiers called janissaries. While technically slaves, they could become very powerful * Diminish in power over time because they are not as involved in the Columbian exchange Ottoman Economic Systems * Silk Road * Mediterranean Sea * Pushed out of Indian ocean Trade by Europeans 10/8 The Gunpowder Empires * Three land-based empires * These empires are not necessarily majority Muslim Safavids,Ottoman and Mughal Least important to most important: Safavid (Middle East) Ottoman (Middle East,North Africa) Maghal(South Asia) * All the traits of a traditional land-based Empire * importance is decreased because they are not involved in global * They are getting bypassed by the Columbian Exchange * Shift from Muslim being the Forefront of International Exchange two moving down the pecking order * Safavids fight both because they believe in a different form of Islam Shia Islam Sunni v. Shia * Divide in Islam * Originated with a dispute over who should succeed the Prophet Muhhammad as leader of the Islamic faith he introduced Ottomans * Conquered Constinople in 1452 * Cut off Christian Europe from Silk Road * 6One of the reasons Portugal undertook voyages of exploration * Conquered much of Christian Eastern Europe Ottoman Political Systems (Period 2-3..downfall in Period 4 World War I * Traits of a long lasting empire * Led by a Sultan who claimed to be Caliph * Capital is Istabul * Devshirme System-Ottoman would take young Christian boys from poor rural areas castrate (testicles) them convent them to Sunni Islam and train them to become bureaucrats or elite soldiers called Janissaries * While technically enslaved peop;e they could become very powerful * Diminish in power over time because they are not as involved in the Columbian exchange 9 10/9 Japan * Not an empire * More of a civilization that is lucky because it is an island (isolated) * Isolated island- influenced by Chinese culture, but no conquered -Buddhism, Confucianism -Chinese alphabet characters used * Mongols (led by Kublai Khan) attempted to invade Japan incorporate in Mongol Empire in both 1274 and 1281 -Complete and utter failure -Not because of Japanese strength or powerful leaders…but, weather patterns * Kamikaze (divine wind) -to separate typhoons destroyed the Mongol fleet * Mongols gave up an left Japan alone and in isolation * Feudal society -Most Japanese are serfs working land owned by Daimyos * Samurai- warrior class -Like knights in Europe * Emperor- who in name has great power and is worshiped but in reality is just a figurehead * Samurai- military nobility and officer caste from the late 1100-1800s (abolished in 1876) -They were well-paid soldiers with high prestige and special privileges such as wearing two swords * Bushido- Samurai code of honor (similar to European code of chivalry) -”The way of the warrior”- code that dictates Samurai behavior * Seppuku-- is a form of Japanesesuicide by disembowelment * It was originally reserved for Samurai in their code of honor -It is seen as last effort to bring honor * Ruled by the Shoguns from the Tokugawa Shogunate * Founded by Ieyasu Tokugawa * Very resistant to foreign European influences, especially Catholic missionaries -Outlawed Christianity and killed priests and missionaries -Allowed 1 Dutch trading post in Nagasaki * To protect Japan from European influences, Tokugawa Shogunate banned all foreign merchants and missionaries * By 1639, Japan adopted a “closed country policy” and Japan entered an era of isolation that lasted for 200 years * Amerians open Japan to the world in 1853 10/11 Counter Reformation * Founder is a german Friar named Martin Luther, who had issue with Catholic “indulgences.” -Believed that salvation comes from individual faith and not the institutions of the Catholic Church * Response to the quick spread of Protestantism, catholic reformers work to end many of the abuses of the Catholic Church -Jeasuit missionaries will aggressively spread the Catholic faith all over the world * Catholic and Protestant faiths will spread all throughout the world Absolutism * New political theory that decrees that the king is God’s (normally Catholic, but always Christian) chosen leaders and that leader should have all the power (Divine Right theory) * Leads to a decrease in power of hereditary lords -Examples: Louis XIV is a French monarch who gives himself the nickname “Sun King” -Famous for building Versailles (monumental architecture) * Settler Colony- Settler colonialism that seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers Britain and the 13 Colonies * Protestant * Example of settler colony * Not an absolute monarchy -Allowed the colonists some self-rule -Mercantilism is practiced * North exported lumber, fish, and pelts * South grew tobacco using both enslaved people and indentured servants * Indentured servant- poor Europeans who agreed to work on plantations for a set period of time -In return, they got passage to the 13 colonies and lan when their contract ended -Difference between Indentured Servant and Enslaved people: voluntary, not lifelong (4-7 year long contract), not born into it, received land after 10/21 American Revolution * We are studying the American Revolution through global lens * We are setting a date based on global perspective, which is why I’ve given you two sets of dates -1775-1781 or 1763-1791 * In 1750, the colonies were… -Prosperous -Large middle-class could easily own land -Safe -Had large amounts of self-governance -Britain was NOT absolute monarchy -Part of the growing British Empire -Settler colony -Might have been the best place to love on Earth(as long as you weren;t a Native American or enslaved person That’s a really big IF) Causes of the American Revolution * The Seven Years War(French and Indian War)-1756-1763 -The First TRULY global world war -Fought primarily between the British vs. the French -Was fought in Europe, Africa, South Asia, North America, and the Caribbean -Was won by the British. This paves the way for them to become the dominant World * Unpopular taxes--Britain passes series of unpopular taxes on American goods -Sugar Act -Stamp Act -Tea Acts -All attempts to tax the colonists * One major problem with these taxes were they were not fair -Hits Northern trade posts way harder than the American South(Ex. Boston) * Enlightenment- While Southern leaders were not as economically impacted as the North, many Southern leaders had become enamored with the ideas of creating a new state based on the ideas of the Enlightenment -But the idea of an armed rebellion seemed suicidal * The Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable Acts-- Angry colonists destroyed millions of dollars worth of British East India Trade Company(BEITC) tea -BEITC is a joint-stock company owned by wealthy -The British Parliament-- Not the King-- responded by closing the Boston Harbor until restitution was made -Radicalized colonists to form militias * Massachusetts prepares to fight -Battle of Lexington and Concord, 1775 -Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775 -The result of the battles were Massachusetts militia forces were much more successful than the other colonies believed possible * Second Continental Congress -Sends an envoy asking to reopen Boston Harbor led by Ben Franklin -Debates independence for a year -Southern leaders agree to support a Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence * Signed July 4, 1776 * Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson(Southern elite) * Based on the ideals of the Enlightenment * Declared the independence of the colonies from Britain * “We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal and are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Key events * Battle of Saratoga--1777--major victory by the American forces in New York -Most important outcome is France joins the war on the American side(Spain will also assist to a lesser extent) -Provides the colonies supplies and naval support -”Turning point”of the American Revolution -The war becomes global and will be fought in India, Europe, America, and the Caribbean * Yorktown--1781--With the help of the French Navy, Washington traps the entire British army that is forced to surrender -This is the last major battle Outcomes * The biggest winner is Britain * The biggest lower is France * America win independence and creates a republic that is based on the ideals of the Enlightenment -Constitution creates a democracy and protect individual rights -The American Revolution will inspire generations of revolutionaries in other regions who want an American style system 11/5 Lead Up to the French Revolution * The “Sun King” dies and his grandson, Louis XVI takes over the thrown in France. * He was notoriously weak and was handed a government in crisis -Exorbitant debt from 7 years war and American Rev. - Crisis of faith in monarchy * Louis XVI’s wife was an Austrian princess named Marie Antoinette -Super out-of-touch, nicknamed “Madame Deficit” - “Let them eat cake!” * Monarchy, 1st, and 2nd Estates did not pay taxes -only 3rd Estate * 3rd Estate was the farmers, peasants, everyday people French Revolution 1789-1815 Cause/Loss of Wars * Losses in Seven Years War -Lost all colonies in North America -Insane debt and weakened monarchy * The American revolution--2 different ways -Bankrupted France -Inspired Revolutionaries that they could overthrow unpopular king * Poverty -Elites/middle class inspired by ideals of the enlightenment * King refused to treat 3rd Estate fairly---->3rd Estate created new government “National Assembly” -Radical element wants to overthrow king---lots of fear -July 14, 1789---People of Paris revolt against government The Guillotine * The French celebrated it as people’s avenger * It was a symbol of violence of the Reign of Terror(Stage 5 and Stage 6 of the Revolutionary Cycles) Reign of Terror * The Reign of Terror 1793-1794, period of the French Revolution when a series of massacres and public executions took * The Terror was led by Maximillian Robespierre Outcomes of Revolution * Death of the Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette -End 1000-year reign of monarchs in France * War with other European states who were afraid the revolution would spread -Popularized violence -Mass blood shed 11/6 Outcome of the Revolution * Attempts at changing French institutions like slavery and power of the catholic church * Rise to power of Directory (1795-1799) * Attempt at Republic-style government Outcomes of Revolution: Rise of Napoleon * Step 7 of cycles of Revolution * Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte a military general promising to end Reign of Terror * Leads France to victory against other European empires * Overthrows * Napoleon becomes Emperor of France in 1804 by (a likely rigged) vote 99.9% * To an extent he can be considered a revolutionary leader * Emperor Napoleon leads France into wars with neighboring states that continue from 1803 to 1815 * Millions in Europe will die * Napoleon plunders $$ from other European Empires to help French economy Outcomes Of * It produced a period of French domination over most of continent Europe * This would end in Russia in 1812 * Napoleon is captured and exiled * Louis xvii restored to French throne * LLasts less than a year-returns in 1815 * In just 100 days Napoleon revitalizes army and attempts to conquer * Finally defeated by British Outcomes of Revolution * Enemies of France restore to power Louis xviii * France continue into cycles of revolution that continue until the 20th Century Revolutionary Documents:Declaration of the Rights of Man * Revolutionary document inspired by the ideals of enlightenment * Similar to the Declaration of Independence * Approved by the Tennis Court Oath * Thomas Jeffereson helped them out * Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Revolutionary Documents:Declaration of the Rights of Women * Written by Olympe de Gouges * Sought full of equality for women * Was executed by Robespieree * Example of carly feminist movement Difference between Am Rev. French Rev. * Americans elites discuss for over a year pros and cons of going into Revolution * French Rev.starts when a poor mob tears down a prison and brutally murders the guards * American was success french was fail 11/7 The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) Context for Haitian Revolution * 1200-1450-New World was isolated from Old World * 1450-1750-Columbus “discovers” New World in 1492 starts Columbian Exchange enslaved people taken from Africa to new sugar plantations * 1750-1900-enlightenment other revelations serve as inspiration * The most successful slave rebellion in history * This Revolution began as a slave revolt and ended with founding of an independent state * Started as colony of French Empire called “Saint Domingue” * The most valuable colony on Earth (sugar) -Value equaled all British 13 colonies combined * 90% of population is enslaved people growing sugar -50% of all enslaved people died within a year -20,000 enslaved people imported annually * Even by standards of the time period, Haitian enslaved people were treated ruthlessly -White plantation owners(le blanc) fear enslaved people= awful violence Haitian Class System * Les blancs---owned plantations and rain island * Gens de colour---those of mixed race -Could read and write -Closest to middle class -Could own land and enslaved people (exception, not rule) * Enslaved people at bottom Causes of Revolution * American Revolution---replace unpopular leadership -Rhetoric of “all men are created equal” * French Revolution happens at the same time -It both inspired revolutionaries and made it possible -Haiti is a colony of france * Brutality of slavery in Haiti * Pressure from maroon societies * White planters declared independence from France after the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” -White plantation owners WANT TO STAY THE SAME before French Revolution * Enslaved people rise up after white plantes attempt independence * TOussaint L'Overture * Haitian general most prominent leader of Haitian Revolution * Pro-French at then Outcomes * Enslaved people win * Drive out plantation * Under brilliant Haitian leader TOussaint L'Ouverture they successfully withstand an invasion by French under Napoleon * They successfully gain independence * TOussaint L'Ouverture is killed * French army lo;; jo, dirtly * Bloody savage fighting results in over 300,00 deaths * Whites are massacred * Racial splits between the Gens de Couleur and free enslaved people -Cycles of endless rebellion and political instability that are still ongoing * POVERTYYYYYY Latin America 1200-1450:Isolated,not known about by people of the Old World 1450-1740:Discovered by European explorers,early colonialism mercantilism extraction of silver by SPanish and sugar but Portuguese death of indigenous people mostly due to disease and warfare,etc. 1750-1900:Enlightenment.American,French.and Haitian Revs,Revolutionary fervor is spreading * Treaty of Tordesillas-split between Portugal And Spain * Silver trade (Spain to China) * Sugar trade (Brazil and Caribbean to rest of world) * Mercantilism * Rigid social hierarchy * Mita system * Chattel enslavement Latin American Independence Background * Started by Creoles looking for increased political power * Inspired by Enlightenment American Revolution and a rejection * Most famous leader of Latin American Revolutions was Simon Bolivar * Born in Venezuela but instrumental in helping Latin AMerican countries achieve independence * Main goal:Creating a United States of South America * Aided by Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and Spain * By 1840 most of Latin America won independence * Latin America splits into several different states that frequently fight one another * Quickly enters cycles of revolution caused by:lower classes-mestizo’s * Mixed race Africans and enslaved people Jamaica Letter * Revolutionary document inspired by ideas of Enlightenment * Written by Bolibar to British whole in exile in Jamaica * Bolivar rejects mercantilism * Always a cause of Latin American Revolutions Revolution:Brazil Brazil’s story is different because they overthrow Portuguese not spanish Is the IR the most important event in human history? Pro: Modern medicine Growing economics Shift Away from Mercantilism * At start of 1750-1900 economic systems of mercantilism became obsolete in Western Europe * Under mercantilism governments controlled workers wages prices * Tariffs and taxes kept prices high and innovation was low Economic Developments and Innovations in 1750-1900 * End of mercantilism and promotion of free trade * Adoption of New Economic Theory:Capitalism: In 1750- europe was wealthy 01/8 Ideology * An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or person -Often ideology refers to set of political belifs or a set of ideas that characterize a culture -For every ideology, there is anti-ideology * During Peiord 3, industrial powers build maritime empires that conquer much of unindustrialized world. -This is call imperialism * Industrial Powers will create new rationales for imperialism that include ideologies Imperialism * Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending a country’s rule over foreign nations, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control of other areas Darwinism * Species change across genrations in response to enviornmental perssure * “Natural selection” * Justified by science Social Darwinism * Human cultures are refined through competition * Groups that are most competitive thrived and conquered, while those that were uncompetive were defeated * “Survival of the fittest” * Justified by racism The Civilizing Mission * A rationale for colonization, * CM is idea of spreading civilization and used mostly in relation to Westernization of Indigenous peoples * Civilization also meant spread of religion -Most religious conversion occure through force * Desire to spread Christianity is a justification for conquest -Example--New Zealand and Britian What is a political cartoon? * A political cartoon is a cartoon that makes a point about a political issue or event 01/9 State Expansion 1750-1900 Britian in S. Asia * British will include existing elites, Hindu, Muslim, and Sikhs into their political system. -Elites benefit and are enriched as a result of GB rule -A divided S. Asia was easy to conquer * Indian cotton replaces textiles as major export -This is a change in balance of trade that benefits GB -Raw material (cotton) vs. finished good (cotton textiles) * Indian Rebellion of 1857 * Sepoy Rebellion * Sepoy Mutiny Indian Rebellion of 1857(Sepoy Rebellion) * Sepoys in Central India rebel against British -Rumors about pig blood on gun cartridges * Despite intial success, the rebellion is defeated -BEITC must ask GB government for assistance * Main cause of defeat is the majority of S. Asia does not join the rebellion -Remember: elites actually did better with GB control *Divide and conquer strategy * Indian colony is taken from BEITC and become directly ruled by the British government. -This will lead to collapse of BEITC -India will become “crown jewel” of British empire 01/10 Manifest Destiny * 19th-century doctrine or belief that expansion of US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable -”Destiny” as “chosen people” of God * Originally meant spreading “from sea to shining sea” * But after colonists spread from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean, MD also meant spreading westward America Imperialism * America will build a global maritime empire -Uses ideas of Manifest Destiny to justify conquest of land that controlled by non-white Protestants * Using superior weapons and organization, indigenous people will be pushed of traditional lands into reservations Mexican-American War 1848 * After Mexico independence from Spain, internal divisions made it vulnurable. -US attacks a weak Mexico over alleged border violations(Takes 1/3rd of Mexico’s total territory * Modern states taken include CA, NM, TX, CO, NV, UT, and AZ American Imperialism * Purchases Alaksa from Russia 1868 →Cost was $8 million →Seen as a huge waste of money * Gold and oil discovered later on * Conquers Hawaii -Former monarchy that allowed American planters -Eventually planters rebel against Queen--US navy just so happens to be there the next day * Wanted it for natural resources and later for a market * Fights the Spanish-American War 1898 -USA victory in the war produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish →Cuba →Guam →Puerto Rico →Philippines * Forces Panama to agree to allow Panama Canal to be built -Canal will be controlled by US until 1970s * Attempts to control Latin American economies through Economic Imperialism * American empire will spread westward Japanese Imperialism * After Meiji Restoration, Japan will spread Southward Russian Imperialism * Russia spreads eastward * Russification: Assimilation process during which non-Russian communities(whether involuntary or voluntarily) give up their culture and language for Russian culture Declining Empires * Spain and Portugal lose all their colonies in the Americas- failure to industrialize