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How does improper engagement of the diaphragm affect individuals with low back pain during lifting?
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They may not adequately increase intra-abdominal pressure, leading to insufficient stabilization and potential for increased strain.
Identify components of the posterior ligamentous system and their role.
Includes posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, Z-joint capsule, interspinous ligaments, thoracolumbar fascia. They temporarily store force and aid in balancing extensor muscle force.
What role does the transversus abdominis play in core stabilization?
It increases abdominal pressure without creating flexion torque, thereby stabilizing the core without engaging extensors.
Discuss the role of the diaphragm during the lifting process.
Contraction of the diaphragm during inhalation increases intra-abdominal pressure, contributing to core stability.
In the context of torque, how does the positioning of the external oblique affect its ability to generate rotation?
The external oblique generates more torque because it is positioned farther from the axis of rotation.
What are the primary functions of axial muscles in relation to movement?
Control posture, stabilize axial skeleton, protect vital organs, generate intrathoracic/intra-abdominal pressure, produce torque.
How do the muscles obliquus externus abdominis and iliocostalis contribute to lateral flexion?
They generate lateral flexion torque by being positioned laterally to the axis of rotation; however, iliocostalis requires more force due to its shorter lever arm.
List three techniques to reduce the risk of lifting injuries.
Reduce lifting velocity, reduce external load weight, decrease the external moment arm length, and increase the internal moment arm.
What factors are considered in calculating the torque generated during lifting?
Torque is calculated using muscle force, body weight, external load, and the lever arm (distance from axis).
How does thoracolumbar fascia contribute to movement, particularly during flexion?
Flexion of the lumbar spine or contraction of muscles like transversus abdominis generates passive tension for extension torque.
Describe the guidelines provided by NIOSH for maximum lumbar load during lifting.
NIOSH recommends a maximum lumbar load of 3,400 newtons, which is approximately 764 pounds.
Explain the torque potential equation in muscle interaction.
Torque potential is the product of muscle force (parallel to a given plane) and the length of the internal moment arm.
How does the Valsalva Maneuver contribute to lifting safety and efficiency?
It increases intra-abdominal pressure, unloading lumbar discs, and enhances stability.
Explain how muscle fiber orientation affects the function of transversus abdominis.
The horizontal orientation allows it to increase abdominal pressure without producing flexion torque, assisting in core stabilization.
Why does the rectus abdominis generate torque more easily than the longissimus?
The rectus abdominis has a longer lever arm, which facilitates easier torque generation with less force.
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