Acid-Base Reactions Lecture Notes

Main Topics

• Acids and Bases
• Neutralization Reactions
• Concentration of Solutions and Stoichiometry
• pH of Solutions
• Titration

Acids and Bases

• Acids: Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
• Bases: Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
• Properties:
  • Acids: sour taste, turn blue litmus paper red, react with metals.
  • Bases: bitter taste, slippery feel, turn red litmus paper blue.

Neutralization Reactions

• Reaction between an acid and a base to form water and a salt.
• General formula: [ \text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water} ]
• Example: [ \text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O} ]

Concentration of Solutions and Stoichiometry

• Concentration: Amount of solute per unit volume of solution (usually mol/L).
• Stoichiometry: Calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
• Molarity (M) as a measure of concentration.

pH of Solutions

• pH Scale: Measures acidity or basicity of a solution.
• Scale ranges from 0 to 14:
  • pH < 7: Acidic
  • pH = 7: Neutral
  • pH > 7: Basic
• pH = -log[H+]: Logarithmic scale based on concentration of hydrogen ions.

Titration

• Analytical technique to determine concentration of unknown solution.
• Involves gradual addition of titrant until reaction reaches an endpoint.
• Equivalence Point: Point at which the amount of titrant added is stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of substance present.
• Often uses indicators to signify the endpoint (e.g., phenolphthalein).

Additional Resources

• Study Materials: Class notes, solved practice problems, and more.
• Related Topics: Explore fractional coefficients in chemical equations and applications of isotopes.