Okay, starting the class for today. Today we are going to discuss the first chapter of the second year, Periodic Classification. We are going to discuss about the project table.
If you do the project table, then you will get to know a lot of things in the second year. Because the periodic table is the backbone of chemistry. If you do the project table, it is exactly the same as the arithmetic in mathematics. If you don't know the arithmetic in maths, plus, minus, divide, multiply, then it means that you can't solve any mathematics.
Neither integration, nor derivative, nor calculus, nor anything else. Just like that, if you know the laws of motion in physics, Newton's first law, second law, third law. If you don't know Newton's law of motion, then you can't understand any numerical or any concept of physics. Just like that, in chemistry, if you...
If you don't understand periodic table then you can't understand any concept of chemistry. So today I am discussing on periodic table. Because in front of you there are many discussions and things which I am going to tell you.
So this periodic table is called the modern periodic table. Modern periodic table is based upon atomic number. This product table is based on atomic number because you know that all the product tables that were made in the beginning were made on the basis of atomic mass Dobrinner, Newland, Lothermeyer, Mendeleev all the product tables that were made in the beginning were made on atomic mass the only product table which is built on atomic mass sorry on atomic number this is modern periodic table so what was this contribution for?
it was for the contribution of Moseley Henry Moseley was a scientist who actually discovered atomic number And then on the basis of atomic number, a modern product table was designed. This is called the long form of product table. Okay. Do you know what a product table is?
In a product table, we arrange 118 elements. And what are elements? Elements are the pure substances which are made up of only one type of items.
Elements are pure substances which cannot be further purified. And all the elements are made up of only one type of item. So the elements we have, there are 118 of them. One one eight. From which 92 are natural, and after 93, artificial is till 118. The last natural element we have, is here, at 92. The symbol of this is U.
And this U for what? Uranium. Uranium was the last, it is the last natural element. And after uranium, start from 93 and move forward. So all these elements are natural.
Artificial, which we also call trans-unineum elements. So the elements after 92 are trans-unineum elements or artificial elements or man-made elements. Which humans have made.
So 92 is in nature and after 92, 103 is artificial, man-made and humans have made. The boundary product table is designed on atomic number. We classify this in two parts. We break it down in two parts. In vertical columns and horizontal rows.
Some of us have vertical columns and some of us have horizontal rows. Okay. So the vertical columns we have are called groups. That is total 16. 16 groups.
Okay. That is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, in this way vertical columns are total 16. So in periodic table there are 16 groups total. And the horizontal rows are known as periods. And how many periods are there in the project table?
There are 7 periods. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th period are there. So, elements are arranged in the form of periods and groups.
Okay? Vertical columns are groups and horizontal rows are periods. What is period number? Number of shells. It tells you about the number of shells.
How many shells are there in the element? If an element is of first period, then it will have one shell. If it is of second period, then it will have two shells. If it is of third period, then it will have three shells.
Four, five, six, seven. So, I have written here that period number tells number of shells. Okay? So, we have seven periods in total. First, let's discuss the periods.
Okay? So, we have periods one, two, three, four, five, six and this seven goes straight. How many elements do we have in the first period?
Only two elements are there. How many are there in the second period? Eight. How many are there in the third? Eight.
How many are there in the fourth? Eighteen elements. How many are there in the fifth?
Eighteen elements. How many are there in the sixth? Thirty-two.
You might not be able to see eighteen like this. You can see eighteen in the fifth. But here, there is an element in the length, LA, whose atomic number is fifty-seven. After 57, 58 doesn't come. 72 comes.
What is the reason? Because the elements after 57 are below. 58, 59, and these are going up to 71. Then after that 72. So this series is called the lanthanide series.
Which is run by lanthanum. So lanthanide series is actually the part of sixth period. This is the part of the sixth period.
So 18 is here and 14 is here. 18 plus 14 equals to 32. It has 32 elements So we have 32 elements here In the 6th period you will get the length and height series Which has 14 elements After this After that, if we see, after the 6th period, we came to the 7th period, so in the 7th period, we don't know about the number of shells. Why?
Because it is called in our, in our Karachi board, in the SIN board, because KU follows the pattern of SIN board, Karachi University. So, in SIN board, it is an incomplete period. Whereas it is not incomplete, it is a complete period. Because there are 118 elements in the project table that are complete.
118, this is the last element 118. Element number 118, the symbol is OG and the name of the element is OGNESON. OGNESON, OG, it is the element which has the domic number 118, OGNESON, OG symbol. So it means that the project is completed.
So many elements that were to be discovered, they have been discovered. So there are no more elements to be discovered. So it means that it is no more incomplete. It is no more incomplete period.
rather than it is a complete period but we have to follow the book so the book is saying it is incomplete I have written incomplete here but when I am adding MD I don't write incomplete here I write complete because they follow federal we are giving KJU's touch so we have to see this so it is incomplete period and what is there is that shells are filled Now we will talk about the first period, which is the shortest period. There are two elements. The second and third period are the short period. The fourth and fifth period are the long period.
And the third period is the longest period, which has the most elements. And the seventh period is the incomplete period, which has not been completed yet. And what I have found is that the period number tells about the number of shells.
In this, K shells will be filled, in this L, in this M, in this N, in this O, in this P and in this Q shells will be filled. Okay? It has only one shell, 2 shells, maximum 3 shells, maximum 4 shells, maximum 5 shells, maximum 6 shells and maximum 7 shells.
So, there are maximum 7 shells in an atom. So, after the seventh shell, 118 elements are completed. The eighth shell is not present in an atom.
Maximum 7 shells are present in an atom. So, did you understand the group period? The seventh period. So, I am telling you very important topics about MCQs.
Let's ask these things in MCQs. Which period is shortest? Which is short? Which is long?
We will ask about the period Next we have some horizontal rows Sorry, vertical columns Then we say groups Total number of groups is 16 But columns are 18 Groups are 16 but columns are 18 The reason is this There are 3 columns in 8B So if you count the total number of columns at home, it will be 18 But group is 16 because there are 3 columns in 8B So we don't have to see group 60. If the question is how many vertical columns are there in the project table, how many vertical columns are there in the modern project table, then we will put 18. And if we say how many groups are in the project table, then we will put 16. So it is a bit confusing MCQs. If we say vertical columns, then 18. And if we say groups, then 16. And I have told you the reason. Because all three are the same group, 8. Groups are classified into two parts, A and B. Group A and B, 8 are A and 8 are B.
Group A is known as representative elements. Group B is known as transition elements. Why are they called representative elements? Because they are present in the universe in abundance, in large amounts.
In a large amount, if we say that in the universe, which is the most abundant element in the universe? The most abundant element in the universe. So what will be the answer? Hydrogen is the correct answer.
Hydrogen is most abundant in the universe. 99.8% of the part of our universe is made up of hydrogen. Why? Because what are the biggest things in the world?
I had told you in the GK lecture. When I was teaching astronomy to you, Stars are the biggest objects and galaxies are the biggest objects. We were talking with very light ears. So stars are the biggest objects. And stars are made up of hydrogen.
It is in the process of nuclear fusion. Hydrogen is combined to make helium and then 12 point something megalectron volt heat energy is produced. So, stars are made up of hydrogen.
Every star is made up of hydrogen. Every star is made up of hydrogen. Every star is made up of hydrogen.
And that hydrogen is converted into helium by nuclear fusion. Because every star has a specific reaction going on. That hydrogen and hydrogen are making helium.
This reaction is going on all the time. This is called nuclear fusion. Fusion.
When two items collapse. And this is what we call hydrogen bomb. This is the reaction of hydrogen bomb.
It is there, right? Two nucleoluses make a big nucleus. And a lot of energy is released in it.
So, the energy of the sun is coming because of nuclear fusion. All the stars are made up of hydrogen. And helium as well.
Okay, now the kids say that helium can also be found. If you get three helium, then one will become carbon. Helium's atomic number 2 is 2 plus 2 plus 2 equals to 6 and 6 is the atomic number of carbon It happens When hydrogen turns into helium after all the burns and when helium turns into carbon after all the burns then the death of the star begins and the star grows and becomes a red giant We call it red giant star Red giant and red super giant and then it blasts with supernova explosion So that is the end of the star. If in the core of any star, the formation of carbon has started, it means it is going towards its death.
But that happens later. The way of the star is also different. First there is a protostar, then there is a yellow dwarf.
Now the sun is a yellow dwarf type star. Then the yellow dwarf will later become a red giant, then a red super giant, then after that there is a supernova explosion. So I will tell you the topic in GKM in time. Okay? About the stellar revolution.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and second most abundant element in the universe is Helium Which is the most abundant element in earth? Not nitrogen In earth? In earth more than nitrogen? If the question arises which is the most abundant element in the atmosphere Then what will be the question?
Then nitrogen will be there And what will happen in the second number? Oxygen will be 21% And if we talk about earth, then we are talking about earth and water Then hydrogen will be there again If we talk about earth, then not in the atmosphere but in the earth Because what is there in the earth? There is water, there is water Earth is less There is more water in the dry season. What is the formula of water? H2O means more hydrogen.
And second is oxygen. If we talk about Earth Crust, Earth means land in which we walk. Which element is the most in it? Not silicon, oxygen. Why?
Because of more oxygen. If we talk about Earth Crust, first is oxygen and second is silicon. In Earth Crust. And if this question arises, Which is the most abundant metal in the earth crust? Which is the most abundant metal inside the earth crust?
Not iron, but aluminium. Aluminum is the most abundant element in the earth crust. Is it expensive because the process of removing it is expensive?
What? It happens in the earth crust but it is mostly in aluminium. But the process of removing aluminium is expensive.
When we discuss chapter 4, we will read there. Secondary chapter 4, metallurgy of aluminum. Okay, so remember the abundance of these elements.
This can also be asked in MCQs. What are the most abundant elements? So why are representative elements called?
Because look, all the elements we have studied, all the elements we have discussed, hydrogen, helium, aluminum, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, are all of them 1A to 8A? Did you find any B in them? Did you find any B in Hydrogen, Helium? No? That's why we say that the elements from 1A to 8A are representative elements.
They are representative elements. Why? Because they are in the majority.
And the transition elements are from 1B to 8B. Which you will find here. Now, transition elements are in two places.
What are these above? Outer transition elements. And what are these below? Inner transition elements.
Now what we do is we divide the representatives into two blocks. S block and P block. In S block two groups come, one and two.
And in P block what comes? 3 is a cylinder, 8 is. In D block all come outer transition elements and in F block all come inner transition elements. And in F block two series run, lengthenite series and actinite series. Is all this clear?
Okay now let's see the elements. You can see here that we have groups from 1A to 8A. You should know the elements of the groups. You should know about the elements of the groups. To remember the symbols, I have written the mnemonics of the symbols.
The mnemonic tool is written here. Those who have taken my classes before know how to remember. So here I have written the mnemonics from 1A to 8A.
And here I have written the mnemonic of the three series of transitions. I have written it down and taken a picture of it so you will also get it. You can also take it yourself. So how will we memorize all these in one A? Hali Neki Rab Se Faryat Let's memorize this.
So Hali Neki Rab Se Faryat This is one A group. What is there for two A group? Beta Mange Kar Scooter Baap Raazi This is two A group.
Beta Mange Kar Scooter Baap Raazi How will we do three A group? Baingan Aalu Gajar In Thaili 4A group, Chemistry Sir gave Sankhi problem 5A, Naseem is my name, Naseem pass, PS pass, Sab Bindas So Naseem pass, Sab Bindas So this is 5A group, and Salma will take your pocket 7A, then tomorrow the soul will come out 8A group Hina and Kareena's X-ray You will remember all of them. It is very simple.
It will take 5-10 minutes to remember all of them. Maximum 5-10 minutes. Yes?
There are different mnemonics. I have made this. Everyone makes different mnemonics. It depends. You can make your own.
I have made this mnemonic and I have written it. I have also put my name as a trademark. Yana Seen Pass Pabindas So that the trademark gets copyrighted. Okay.
Next, let's remember the transition elements in terms of series. There are three series in the transition element. First series, second series, third series.
There are three series. We call the first series, the third series, because the orbital is filled in 3D. The second series is called the fourth series.
And the third series is called the fifth series. When we do its electronic configuration, it will be filled in 3D, then in 4D, and then in 5D. I can't do it right now, I have to write a lecture on configuration. So, it is written like this, Science teacher very cruel, asks for fees, not corporate, coppersing.
Cruel means cruel. So, I have written it here. Science teacher very cruel, asks for fees, not corporate, coppersing. Second, If someone is in a situation of stopping to fulfill friendship till death, Third, Give me a week, otherwise, Rehan Hussam Irfan will beat and kill. We will hit it with mercury, it is HG.
So we will hit it with mercury. So this is how you do it. You don't need length and identity. We don't ask you in the test.
So I have told you this much. You remember these symbols. How can you remember the symbols of a group?
And you immediately know that this is the element of this group. After remembering the symbols, you should also know the name of the elements. Somehow. You need to remember the name of the elements as well.
Edge for what? Hydrogen. Li what?
Lithium. Na is K4 potassium Rb this is rubidium. Cs, Fr, francium. Be? Yes this is beryllium.
Children beryllium and boron are confused. So boron is only B. B is in beryllium.
Mg4? C4? Sr4?
Remember SR, Estontium Estontium BA, this is not Beryllium, this is Berym This is Beryllium This is Berym RA, this is not Radon, this is Radium If I tell you the names of the elements, then you will also get the characteristics B for Boron Al for Aluminum G for Gallium In for Indian Ok Remember Indian Silence Okay, move forward So, indium, is it recorded? So that it looks good TL for? TL for what?
Thallium You said thallium, remember thallium Mangan, aloo, bajar, in thallium Remember thallium So, whose is the mnemonic? C for carbon, SI for? Silicon, GE for?
Germanium, from Germany. SN for? Stanowiceka Latin, in English.
Tin. SN is tin. Tin is here.
PB? Lead. N?
P? Phosphorus. AS? Arsenic.
SB? Antimony. BI? Bismuth S Sulphur SE Selenium TE Now silent Tellurium PO Polonium F Fluorine CL This is known as Fluorine VR I AT Yes well done S-30 H-E N-E A-R H-E R-N R-4 I remember all 8 Why is it like this? This doesn't have much reactions It doesn't react to anything Still you remember it That will be great It's good The ones who react should remember it Okay, now let's go to the transition Kids get into this a lot Scandium, Ti, Titanium, Y, no this is V, Vanadium, Cr, Chromium, Mn This is Magnesium, not Magnesium.
Mg is Magnesium and this is Magnes. Fe? Iron.
Co? Ni? Cu?
Zn? Zinc. Okay.
Why? Eatrium, you tell me. Zr? Zirconium.
Ano? Everything is silent in the class. Naobium. Ammo? Malvedenum, Malvedenum, TC, Technetium, RO, Rubidium, Rubidium is this, RB, this is Rubidium, Rudenium, RH, Rohodium, PD, this is Palladium, AG is Silver, CD, Cadmium.
LFHF, haefnium, haefnium TA, tantalum, W tungsten RE, subthamose uranium OS, osmium IR, iridium PT, polytenium AU, gold HG, silver, oh sorry, mercury. So, remember the names of the elements with the symbols. Remember the names as well.
Okay? Now, let's see the characteristics of the elements. About the different elements. One thing is very famous about the elements. About hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe.
There is one thing about every element. Halylithium. Remember one thing, it comes from lithos.
Lithos means stone. It comes from stones. Lithos means stone in Greek language Na means sodium K means potassium K is in salt, KCl is in potassium chloride Rb is rubidium, okay there is nothing special about rubidium C is cesium C is the lowest electronegativity The least electronegativity is of cesium.
How much is it? 0.7 It is the least electronegative element. FR is francium.
Francium is a liquid metal with mercury. There are liquid metals in the product table. One which you know and one which you don't know. What you know since childhood is mercury.
Which you always call only liquid metal. But the reality is that francium is also a liquid metal like mercury. So francium is also a liquid metal.
It is a metal but in a liquid state. But it is radioactive. Because the elements below the product table are all radioactive. From that, radioactive rays come out.
All of them are unstable. As you know that lead is PV here. Lead is the most stable element. And all the elements after lead are radioactive. All of them are alpha, beta, gamma rays.
So remember both elements, element number 82 and element number 92. Element number 82 is lead. After lead, all the elements are radioactive. Element number 92 is uranium. After uranium, all the elements are artificial.
After lead, all the... Radioactive and all the elements after the union are artificial. Remember this. Kids get confused between 82 and 92 because 82 and 92. Kids say that the ones after 82 are artificial.
It's not like that. All the elements between 82 and 92 are natural but radioactive. And all the ones after 92 are radioactive but artificial. Okay?
There is one element in the product table. There is an element in the project table which is in the name of living scientists. Some elements are in the name of scientists. I haven't mentioned anything in it but they are. Living scientists, yes, Radar 4DM, Einstein in the name of Einstein, Curia in the name of Madame Curie, Bohr in the name of Bohria, Mendeleev in the name of Mendeleev, Copernicus in the name of Copernicus, all these come in it.
I have left blanks here. I don't want to remember but I am telling you that you have some elements in the name of scientists. For now, there is no such element here. In the name of scientists.
But all those are there which are not mentioned below. Okay? So, you tell me, there is one element which is in the name of living scientists. In the name of living scientists. Do you know which element it is?
That is SG. SG is C-Borgium. I don't remember the atomic number exactly, but it must be somewhere.
Search it at home. C-Borgium. C-Borgium is the only element which is named after a living scientist.
It is still alive and its name is in the product table. C-Borgium. So, Daniel C. Borg was his full name. What was the contribution in science? Most of the trans-unium elements are discovered by Daniel C. Borg.
The artificial elements after 1992 are man-made. Many of these elements were discovered by Daniel Seaborg. That's why we have made an element in his name. Seaborg. He lives in America.
He is an American scientist. From USA. Okay, guys? We have elements in the names of some countries.
India from India. America from America. Poland from Poland.
Germany from Germany. France from France. It is also in the names of some countries.
Some are in the name of the country and some are in the name of the scientist. There is one element in the product table which is metal and gas. Which is the only metallic gas?
It is not present here. It must be one of these. Tell me what is its name?
Anybody knows? Which element is metallic gas? There is no metallic gas in the world.
There is only one gas. It was artificially prepared. We have a symbol of that called CN And we call it Copernetium So Copernetium CN is a symbol It is the only element which is a metallic gas It is the only element which is a metallic gas But gas is always non-metal The only metal gas is Copernetium But it is artificially prepared, it doesn't exist in nature Whose name is written? In the name of Nicholas Copernicus.
What did Nicholas Copernicus do? Tell me the question of GK. Nicholas Copernicus. Have you ever heard of the name of Copernicus? Say it loudly.
Nicholas is the name. Nicholas Copernicus. He presented the concept of the heliocentric universe.
Heliocentric universe. That means earlier the concept was of the geocentric universe. Geocentric universe means earth is in the center of the universe while all the planets are revolving around earth. You know it is not the true concept, it is the false concept. So what was Nicholas Copernicus's concept before this?
The sun is in the center while all the elements are revolving around it. And these are not scientists of today, they are scientists of 600 years ago. They told this to us. Nicholas Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei had brought this up. Galileo. And after he made the telescope, he proved it right that Copernicus was right.
So that's why to pay tribute to him, an element named Copernicium was put in the product table. All the big scientists are named in the product table. But a lot of scientists have won Nobel Prizes, but not all of them will be named here. There are many great scientists, like Rudder, Fort Bohr, Einstein, Madame Curie, who are the legends of science. They are called legends.
They won't be named only by scientists, because we had so many of them. We had to put them in something else. Okay.
So, I was discussing each element, so come back. Beryllium doesn't have much function. Just remember one thing about beryllium. When James Chadwick discovered the neutron, So they had the alpha particle strike on the beryllium metal. This is why it is famous in the scene board.
If the alpha particle is struck on the beryllium metal, then neutrons are ejected. Chadwick experiment. We will read chapter 3 in the first chapter. Magnesium.
Yes? It is burnt and you must have practiced it in 9th class. It gives a very high combustion flame. See a calcium in our bones.
Remember strontium, barium, radium. The first radioactive element which was discovered was radium. The first radioactive element which was discovered was radium. The first radioactive element was radium. And who discovered it?
Madame Curie. Madame Curie discovered it. She discovered it with her husband. Her husband's name was Perry Curie. So, Madame Curie and Perry Curie.
These were the two who discovered the iridium together. Where was Madame Curie born? Country or city, whatever you say. GK, Poland.
Madame Curie was born in Poland. The capital city of Poland was Warsaw. She was born in Warsaw, a city in Poland. Later on, Germany shifted.
If you say Germany, it was shifted later on. She was born in Poland. Later on, she shifted to Germany for a PhD. So, that's where he got married to Pericureus. He was his research partner when he got married.
So, in his name, we have the element, to present the tribute to Curiam, he kept the element of Curiam. Okay. Apart from Iridium, he discovered another radioactive element.
Second. Which one was it? Not French. It was this. Where is it?
I forgot. Yes. Polonium.
Poland was the second developed country. And Madame Curie is the only scientist who got two Nobel Prizes in two different subjects. GKM was saying in the Nobel Prize that there are only two scientists who have won two Nobel Prizes in two different subjects. They have won in physics and in chemistry.
There are no other scientists in the world, neither male nor female, who have won two Nobel Prizes in two different subjects. She was the only one. And she was the only scientist whose husband was also awarded with a Nobel Prize.
Only husband and wife couple and both are awarded the Nobel Prize. Okay. And the only family in which the mother, father and daughter were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Their daughter, Madame Curie, is also a Nobel Prize holder in Physics. So, mother, father and daughter are all Nobel Prize holders. So, it was a great family.
Curie family, as they say in the world of science. He sacrificed his life for science. And at the end he died of cancer due to radioactive radiation.
If you want to read the story, it is very interesting. Okay, so understand this with interest. This is a very useful thing.
After Radium comes Boron. Boron is not used much. It is made up of boric acid. Boric acid is made up of boric powder.
Al Aluminum. Most abundant element in earth crust. Most abundant metal in earth crust.
The most abundant metal in earth crust is aluminium. Remember about the metal with lowest melting point. The lowest melting point is of the metal of the metal of the metal. The lowest melting point is that it starts melting on the hand itself.
If we place it on the hand, it will melt on the hand itself. It melts so much faster. Gallium.
Ion is Indium named after India, leave Thallium. C for Carbon, Element of Life, Organic Chemistry. Just remember that the study of carbon compounds is Organic Chemistry. So we study Carbon in Organic Chemistry and Carbon is called Element of Life.
It makes life. Because it is important to have carbon in living things. No matter how much organic life is in the world. Si Silicon Semiconductor Metaloid You know that there is a chain of metaloids in this I am showing you These are all elements But what we can do with boron If we draw a diagonal line from boron Which goes upto S13 So 1,2,3,4,5 elements are cut here Then on germanium A line is cut diagonally And goes upto polonium So 5,6,7,8 So it is These two red lines that are being cut, are metalloids and semi-metals.
Semi-metals are the characteristics of both metal and non-metal. All metals are conductors and non-metals are bad conductors and insulators. And all these lines are semi-conductors.
And what is done with semi-conductors? Electronics circuits are made, chips and ICs are made. The entire electronics engineering department is on this, on the semiconductor.
Whoever is going to take the electronics field or applied physics, it is for them. But in Pakistan, Pakistan does not make these chips. Pakistan orders them from outside, way free.
So that's why they come. Because when you see the chip, in every chip there are some names written. All these names are for foreign countries. Pakistan does not manufacture chips.
ICs are ordered from outside. Pakistan assembles them and puts them on the PCB. But the problem is that the value of the electronic engineering in Pakistan is not the same as it used to be.
Because Pakistan doesn't make chips. If Pakistan makes them, it becomes expensive. Because of this. Because embedded machines are being made, but in Pakistan, there are no embedded machines. That's why the kids don't go towards the electronics field.
There are a lot of private companies, but they don't do it. So this is based on silicon. And silicon, where the semiconductor technology is very advanced, is called Silicon Valley. As you have seen, in America, a location is called Silicon Valley. In America, a place is called Silicon Valley.
Why? Because all the big companies have headquarters in Silicon Valley. Apple, Microsoft, Google.
These are the three big tycoons in the world of software. Apple, Microsoft and Google. And all of their offices are in Silicon Valley.
Silicon Valley is called Silicon Valley because it is a technological city. In India, Silicon Valley is called Bangalore. It is called a computer city because the computer is far ahead. Microsoft has built its Asian region in Bangalore.
There is nothing like this in Pakistan. We don't do anything like this to gain popularity. So, there is no point in laughing. It is a matter of regret.
That's why our kids can't move forward much. So, what I am telling you is that Silicon and Germanium are brothers. Both are duplicated and have a semiconductor. Ascentane, which is a symbol of a lot of elements.
You know that all the symbols of elements are found in the form of a symbol of elements. A scientist discovered that and it was called J.J.Bersillius. Jean Jacques was Berzelius.
So, J.J. Berzelius was a scientist who discovered all the symbols of elements. All of them. Okay, before Berzelius, whose symbol did he use? Does anyone know? There were circular symbols.
Sometimes there was a dot on the circle, sometimes a cross on the circle. Do you know whose symbol it was? John Dalton.
So, John Dalton used to wear the symbols of elements, circular symbols. You can search on the internet and find it. After that, J.J.
Berzelius made it easy. By putting symbols in alphabet form This was the contribution of Berzelius To write elements on alphabetical sort This made chemistry very easy Ok So, J.J. Berzelius wrote here The symbol of element Berzelius told The name of the scientist All of you understand the thing? So, there is only one thing But there is a lot of information Ok So, I was telling you this There are some elements whose symbol is from Latin Latin language Na is sodium but why is Na called because of Natrium K is potassium so why is K called because of Kalium You will find more elements here Like here SN is here It is Tin but why is SN called Stenum Stenum is in Latin language From there SN is Tin in English PB What is in English?
It is lead and in Latin it is Plumbum It is PB of Plumbum Okay Plumbum was called Lent in Latin language. In ancient times, Romans used to make pipes of Lent. Romans is actually a nation after Greeks. After Greeks, Romans came to Europe.
Romans then included Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar was one of the great leaders who also made the Julian calendar You must have heard about the Roman Emperors who were gladiators in that era Rome was a big center of culture at that time Roman legions and warriors were very good After the Greeks came the Romans After the Romans they defeated the Romans and told them that they are barbarians The Barbarians, there is a Netflix series on the whole of Barbarians. So the Barbarians defeated them, they were the barbarians. They were the barbarian tribes. Vandals and many other names.
So they defeated them. Then Europe was sunk into the Tarak. Then the revival of Christianity took place there. Christianity came later.
So I am telling you that there was a time when the Romans ruled. The Romans ruled the whole of Europe. Julius Caesar was a very big king. So, what happened is that during Julius Caesar's era, or during the Roman emperors, the pipes of houses were made of lead. Because lead is found in a large quantity in the soil.
And today we know that lead is a toxic element. It is poisonous, harmful. Lead is not allowed to be made.
The lead chamber process of sulfuric acid was rejected. The world came to contact process. So, is lead tetraethyl? which were used for reforming of petroleum, was destroyed and given on silicate catalyst. Just like that, today we have destroyed all the things of lead.
Earlier, what did people know? That lead is toxic. So they used to make lead pipes, and supply water from those pipes.
So in the Roman times, The whole world died because of the lead poisoning. Romans were defeated by barbarians but they were already victims of lead poisoning. That's why they all died. The pipes that were made of lead were called plumbum pipes. They were called plumber.
Today, the pipes are made of lead or plastic but today they are called plumber. Today, the pipe is not of lead, but when the pipe is not good, then we call it plumber. The name plumber comes from plumbum.
This name has been running for 2000 years. Now, there is no pipe of plumber or plumbum. There is no pipe of lead, it will be finished after the Romans. So, the word plumber comes from here. So, PV is lead, it is a toxic element.
Most stable element, after that all are radioactive. Clear? Okay, N for this is nitrogen.
Sorry, yes nitrogen. Nitrogen is the most in the atmosphere. P for phosphorus. Do you remember what phosphorus is? Yes?
We remember its allotropes. It has two types. White phosphorus and red phosphorus.
It has two allotropes. Red and white. The white phosphorus in this is very dangerous. Once it is caught in fire, it does not go out.
So, if you burn it with a torch, then you put a bowl on it and cover it, it will get extinguished. But as soon as you remove it, it will burn again. You must have seen it. It is very dangerous.
So, they normally show it in that. They do it to do magic. They put a little bit of phosphorus in their finger, then they put a matchstick and hit it, and it burns. But look, I hit it and burnt the matchstick. Have you seen it?
If there is a Baba, he does this, and the fire gets burnt. So, they are hitting me and the fire is going off. So, phosphorus has particles. So, it burns very fast. So, that is white phosphorus.
Two of phosphorus's electrodes are very famous. Red and white. So, white phosphorus does more combustion.
Similarly, selenium. Selenium is also a toxic element. And its little bit is present in shampoo. Which also weakens the hair. That's why excessive shampoo usage is forbidden.
You can't shampoo your hair as much as you can. Daily waste is not allowed because it contains selenium which can cause damage. It is toxic type.
Okay? Selenium. In Polonia, the radioactive element is the second radioactive element that Madame Curie discovered. O is oxygen. Vital for our life.
S is sulfur. It is said in Gandhagurdu. What do you remember about sulfur in this?
Water purification is done The mud from the garbage is separated from the sand Next is I had come here for oxygen sulfur This is arsenic Arsenic is the most toxic element in the periodic table The most toxic element in periodic table is arsenic Most toxic Antimony, SP, Antimony, Antimony is Surma The eye which is applied to the eye, that is Antimony, SP That is also an element, Surma B.I.Bismuth is not that useful Rest all these are known, Fluorine It is in your toothpaste But it is not fluorine, it is a gas Yes, it is fluoride, sodium fluoride, different salts are there in fluorine C.L.S. Fluorine Remember about chlorine, who discovered chlorine? Shelley, Shelley was the scientist who discovered chlorine and chlorine is called satanic element satanic element why it is called satanic element because it makes poisonous gases which are used for warfare used in wars Now, all poisonous gases, like phosgene gas, contains chlorine. Mustard gas also contains chlorine.
Tear gas also contains chlorine. All poisonous gases contain chlorine somewhere. That's why it's called satanic element. And the word chlorine comes from the word chlorose.
Chlorose is a Greek word, meaning green color. So, green color gas is called chlorine. Named after chlorose.
Like, in biology, chlorophyll is read. Which gives green color to leaves. You must have read about it.
Bromine. One thing to remember, only liquid non-metal. Only non-metal is bromine.
Only non-metal in liquid state is bromine. I is iodine. Iodine is a simple thing that is present in salt.
And iodine is necessary for our body for the production of thorax. If there is a deficiency of iodine in the body, then the thyroid gets malfunctioned. And when the thyroid gets malfunctioned, malnutrition happens and the body stops growing. And diseases like goiter happen.
So iodine is very important for the body. Otherwise, it becomes malfunctioning in the thyroid. If the iodine is not in the right amount in the body, then that is iodine.
ATHestatine. Remember one thing about Aestatine, the rarest element. Rarest.
Niobtinein. If you store estetine from the whole world, it is only half a spoon. Not more than that.
The amount of estetine in the whole world, if I go to 205 countries in the world, and store a drop of each estetine in front of me, it will be half a spoon. It is so rare. There is no element so rare in the world.
Gold is so rare that if you fill it, it fills up the rooms. But this is only half a spoon. Because you don't get so much estetine.
Yes? Non-metal, yes. No, it's a metalloid yesterday.
It's in range. Okay, so what about the noble gases of the hit group? The ones that don't react, like helium, which is the second most abundant element in stars.
And where is neon? In neon sign boards. You must have seen neon signs.
It used to be there, but not anymore. The names of the wedding halls have a killer full of tube lights. It's written Sapna. It is red in colour, you will mostly find it.
It is a beauty baller. It is written with neon signs. It is visible from far, if you have a dream, you know, then you put it on the building. It is on many places in Karachi.
So, that which is written, S-A-P-N, it is burning in red colour. That is actually called neon sign. Okay.
AR, Argon. Argon, the 100 watt bulb, incandescent lamp. The 100 watt bulb. The 100 watt bulb. The gas in the bakery you just saw is argon.
Next is Krypton. Krypton is not very useful in the body. There is another Krypton called Hypothetical Krypton. It is in Superman.
The planet of Superman is called Krypton. It has come from there. Krypton is shown in the cartoon as green.
When someone comes in front of Superman, his energy runs out. Superman says, get rid of him. So that is a hypothetical clip-on.
There is nothing like that in real life. Like the shield of Captain America. It has some name.
Vibranium. Vibranium is not actually an element. There is no Vibranium in it.
It is made hypothetically by itself. It is made of Vibranium. No one can break it.
Who made Thor and Thor? Majolian? I don't know. I don't know either.
Argon, Keraton, Xenon is not that special. Radon is not that special either. Nothing special. Gauss-Joneson is the last element.
All the representatives have told me. One thing, one thing, one thing. I can come to MCQs. One thing.
I don't mean to tell you stories. I am studying in story stories. They are just talking to us. I am not saying that you should come to MCQs. Learn from the talks.
Scandium, titanium, Titanium was used to make aeroplanes formerly. Titanium was used to make aeroplanes. It was a metal sheet used to make aeroplanes.
Now what is used? Carbon fibre is used. Well done. A kid said that. That is Kevlar.
Kevlar is the carbon fibre which is used to make... We use it to make aeroplanes. It is lightweight and has more strength than titanium.
So sheet metal is not used anymore. The era of titanium has gone. Boeing 777 was used. After 777, Boeing 797 and 800 series are not used anymore.
Boeing is the name of the company. Two companies make aeroplanes. Remember for GK. One Boeing and one Airbus. Two countries.
These are the manufacturers of the aeroplanes that make them. Boeing is an American company, Airbus is a German company. Boeing is an American company, Airbus is a German company.
B-O-I-N-G Boeing. Boeing's series runs on 7, 700, 707, 797, 777. This is how Boeing's series runs. Airbus is like this, 200, 230, 250, 280. The first double decker aircraft was Airbus 280. So the Airbus was double decker. Like double decker buses, first load second, first load second, so this is called an airbus. So remember this.
And the airline is different. The airline that is flying the aircraft. PIA is not a ship, it is an airline.
The names of the ships are not written on the ship, the names of the airlines are written. Which airline is Germany? Lufthansa. L-U-F-T-H-A-N-S-A. Lufthansa.
What is Thailand's? Thai Airlines. Saudi Airlines of Saudi Arabia.
UAE's? Emirates. Emirates is very famous.
It is the biggest airline in the world right now. Take Emirates Airline. So, these are the different airlines of different countries.
We should remember which country is which. Does anyone know about Bangladesh? Bangladesh's Viman.
Viman Airline. So, Viman is of Bangladesh. Okay.
Pakistan's PIA. The rest of the government is different. Private is different. Airblue is in Pakistan. Bhujia Airline was there before but it got closed.
When the accident happened with it. And there is someone by the name of Asia. Super.
Shaheen Airlines, yes, Shaheen Airlines. And other than that, there's Shawn Airlines. They are small. This is private, remember the government.
There are many private companies, come to the government. Okay, okay. BMW is a car, if we talk about cars, then the companies that make cars, Who made the first car?
Did I tell you? Yes, Carl Benz. In the name of Mercedes Benz. BMW is also a car.
If you see the logo of BMW, it looks like this. Like that. See the logo of BMW. This is the sign of a propeller. It is the sign of the ship's engine.
BMW used to make the engine of the ship. Buricam Motorworks. BMW. And we call it a very expensive car. BMW It's a very expensive car It's a very expensive car BMW But this is a Bureka Motorworks It's a German based car So that's BMW So first they made the engine for the ship and now they make the cars And have you heard of Rolls Royce?
Rolls Royce, yes So it is also a luxury car Rolls Royce used to make cars before Now they make the engine for the ship Now they only make the cars on order They don't even bring them to the market Yes. Once there was a story about a king of Bahawalpur. He went to London for a show of Charles Weiss.
He asked the owner about the price. He saw an Asian guy and asked him how much he would pay. He told him that it was not his thing.
So he went back from there and then he went with his entire Laon army and bought all the Rolls Royce that were there together. He bought and brought four cars, bought a lot of them and kept them safe. And he put a broom in front of them and he cleaned the roads of Bahawalpur and signed the pictures.
He sent them to do anything. He said that we are putting a broom in Bahawalpur with your Rolls Royce. The state of Bahawalpur was a very prosperous state. Rolls Royce is an old company. Earlier they used to make cars here.
Now they make planes here. First, the plane was made by the engine and now the car is made. So, this is the reverse. Okay, let's move on.
So, we were talking about the aeroplane, the bodies of the aeroplane are made of titanium. Okay? Next is V. This is vanadium.
So, just remember that vanadium is pentoxide. V2O5. This is the catalyst.
Okay? Next is chromium, CR. Chromium is plated.
There is chromium in the bike, in the silencer. It is used to make shiny things. Mn is manganese. It is used as catalyst.
Fe is iron. It is used to make steel and iron. C is cobalt.
It is used to make magnets. It is made of cobalt. Ni is nickel.
It is used to make cuttings. It is also shining. Copper. It is used to make wires.
Zinc. Battery is made of zinc You might have seen the battery in Toshiba Cell So inside the cell, there is a whole thing Inside there is a jacket of silver color So inside that silver colored jacket, there is zinc Ok guys, so this is zinc But atrium, zirconium, niobium Remember the use of the ball batting arm? You use the ball point The ball that is used for the ball point From which everything is written There is a ball in the ball point at the front The ball is moving with the ink You are seeing for the first time The ball is made of the ball batting arm The ball of the ball point Which is on the tip of the nip If you move it, it is moving too That is ball batting arm Technetium, Rodinium, Rhodium, Palladium These three elements, Nickel, Palladium These three elements are used as a catalyst for hydrogenation We have to do hydrogenation reactions of Ethene, Alkenes, Alkynes So we use these Ag is silver, used for jewelry Silver is called silver Argentum is called silver Silver was first produced in Argentina That's why, Ag is its symbol, Argentum Okay Cd is Cadmium Cadmium is used in cells.
LL-Anthenum is not used much. Remember W kids. The element with the highest melting point, lowest melting point I told you here, that was Gallium. And highest melting point, Tungsten. How much is the melting point of Tungsten?
Anybody knows? 3800 degree centigrade. Tungsten melts at 3800 degree centigrade.
There is a very high melting point of tungsten. What is made from tungsten? Bulb filament. There used to be incandescent lamps earlier. Yes.
The tungsten filament one. The one used to be used to make 100 watt bulbs. The yellow one.
The filament of that. Yes, yes, yes. So that is tungsten. Rest, we know about osmium. Do you know iridium?
What is iridium? Iridium is usually found in asteroids. I had told you about asteroids.
I was telling you where iridium is presently. On the neck of the needle, there is radium. Which shines at night.
That thing. Some people have dollar pens. If you are using a fountain pen, any pen, Is anyone using fountain pen?
If you are using fountain pen or ink pen, then you can check it. Yes, if anyone is using ink pen, then the nib is of iridium. It is written on it.
Iridium Pinpoint. If anyone has it, then you can check it. Especially the dollar pens.
You will see that the long nibs are used. If anyone has it, then check it. It is written on the nib. If you see a long nib, it means it is a good thing On the nib, there is a little writing It must be written as iridium pin point or iridium point What is written? Show it to someone Is it written as iridium point?
That is This is iridium I have seen it all my life but now I know it was here How many questions are there on one pen? Our observation is very less in life We don't observe things So, the nibs of the ballpoint pen are made from iridium I am pointing at the ball, not the ink pen. The ballpoint pen is made of molybdenum.
Pt is platinum. One thing to remember is that the most expensive metal the most expensive metal in platinum is more expensive than gold. It is more expensive than gold.
Platinum. It is used as a catalyst in the production of nitric acid. This gold is a royal element.
It is called a royal element. We use it in jewelry. Hg is mercury. Liquid metal.
Mercury is used in thermometers. Mercury is used in clinical thermometers. So, you have seen these elements. I have told you about the elements.
Which element is used and what is its property. So you should know this at least, MCQs can be made. Now we come back to the group of different groups.
We have discussed the elements. Now in all the elements, if you come here, 99, 90, 91, 92. On 92 you have uranium. What I said is that it is the last natural element. After this, if you go, you will get NP. and you will get Plutonium.
The name is also very interesting in the series. Uranium, Neptune and Plutonium. These are the three last planets of solar system.
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Uranium, Neptune and Plutonium. It is put in a series. Uranium is the last natural element. Neptune and Plutonium are artificial, man-made.
What is the use of Uranium? Atomic bombs are used in atomic bombs and also in atomic energy production. It is used in uranium, plutonium and polonium.
These are the three elements. It is used in polonium, PO, and this is used in plutonium. The plant with a canopy in Karachi is used in polonium, PO. Karachi Nuclear Power Plant, which is generating power for us in Karachi. Polonium is used there as a nuclear fuel.
To create energy, to make nuclear fission. And the Chernobyl incident, do you know about it? Chernobyl, there was a Netflix series called Chernobyl. Don't you know? Chernobyl incident, Chernobyl was actually a city in Ukraine.
Ukraine is a country, Ukraine. It was in the Soviet Union before, but in 1989 when the Soviet Union was dissolved, it was separated. Ukraine. Right now, there are still some problems. There was a city in Ukraine called Chernobyl.
There was a huge accident in Chernobyl. It happened 40 years ago. In the Chernobyl incident, the whole thing was blasted with a blast. There was an atomic reactor in Chernobyl.
It was blasted and caused an accident. There were a lot of casualties there. It was a reactor with a full volume of uranium. And after that, all the radio activity spread all over the city. And now, the whole of Chernobyl is called Ghost City.
Because no one has the permission to go to Chernobyl. It is packed all around Chernobyl. The government has said that you cannot go to that city.
Whereas in that city, you will find all the things like houses, cars, bungalows, rickshaws, all the things, computers, laptops, mobile phones, everything is there. But no one can go inside. That is a ghost town. It's empty because of the radiation. And the radiation will stay there for 44,000 years.
It's written in Russian language that this city will be open for visitors after 44,000 years. This city will be open for the public after 44,000 years. They wear suits and go inside.
Yes, you are right. This is also an interesting thing that you have for GK, it's called Chernobyl Incident, you have to read about it. C-H-E-R-N-O-B-Y-L, Chernobyl.
If you don't want to read the name, then there is a Netflix series of Chernobyl, of 5 episodes, you can watch that. It's very interesting. I mean, historically, I watch that series. So, I don't understand things more.
It's fun to make. Okay, now listen. Now, every group has its own names.
Like, there is group 1. What do we call this? They are called Alkali metals. Because they all are metals except this hydrogen.
Look, the matter of hydrogen is covered in Chapter 1, verse 2. Because hydrogen can come in 1A, 4A and 7A. That is a very controversial position. So if we remove hydrogen, then all are metals.
So what does Alkali mean here? What do you mean by Alkali? Base formers.
If you put them in water, they will form a base. Put sodium in water, NaOH, sodium hydroxide. Put potassium in water, KOH.
So, these are all base formers. They all are base formers. That's why they are alkali metals. There are two types of alkali metals. They are also base formers but why they are called earth metals because they are obtained from the earth.
If they are extracted from the earth then they are called Algaline earth metals. Ok. Rest 3A,4A,Boron family,Carbon family,Nitrogen family,Oxygen family,Helogens.
Who will be dissolved in group 1A? Potassium, Rubidium, yes Rubidium Hydroxide is the base Cesium Hydroxide is also a base It is not made yet but it can be made Because in one group there are so many elements that are chemically similar Even if they are chemically similar, they are coming in one group So all the chemical properties will be the same, no one will give them separately Except for one, and who is that? The period of 7 If we remove hydrogen also, then the last one will be there Because the last elements are radioactive, their properties are very different So their properties are not matching with the previous one. They don't even study it.
Like, French, Imeredium, Actinium, they don't know all of them. Strong basicity and acidic character, you remember. When you go from top to bottom, the acidic character decreases.
And the basic character decreases. If you go from top to bottom, the basic character decreases. So the strongest are lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide etc. Top to bottom basicity is degrees.
Basic character. Okay, then the boron family, carbon family, nitrogen family, and oxygen family. Okay, we can call this nitrogen family as a Pyctogens. They are also called Pyctogens, 5A.
And if you give 6A another name, they are called Chalcogens. Chalcogens, 6 groups. 7 groups are called halogens. Halo means salt and gens means former. Because they are salt producing, that's why they are called halogens.
Ok, what are the 8 groups called? Noble gases because they are non-reactive. They don't react.
Noble gases can also be called inert gases. I am just telling you to write it down. Noble gases can also be called. And what can be called by them? Inert gases.
Inert gases and these are called non reactive gases. And look at this, noble gases, inert gases, non reactive gases, zero group is also called. Valency, yes, valency zero, that's why. Yes, reactions, yes, you have a great question you have done.
But when we say reactions, we generally say chemical reactions. Chemical reactions are caused by the transfer of electrons. In which electrons are involved.
They are called chemical reactions. Ionic bond, covalent bond is being formed. There is another type of reaction. That is called a nuclear reaction.
In a nuclear reaction, electrons don't interfere, but the nucleus does. There, helium can also react. But that happens in a very rare case.
Because they fail the theory of Deltons. What does Deltons say? When there is a reaction, you must have read in 9 that the main point of the Deltons is the Atomic Theory.
The chemical reaction is only the rearrangement of atoms and atoms themselves are not changed. When there is a chemical reaction, the elements are rearranged. There is no change in the atom.
The element in the reactor is the same element in the project. But nuclear reactions are not like that. What is there in the reactor? Hydrogen. What is there in the project?
Helium, so what reaction is this? This is a nuclear reaction. In this, the nucleus changes completely.
But this is very rare, for this, a lot of high energy is required. Like it is possible in the sun. So it can happen there, but helium, as a chemical reaction, cannot react with anyone.
You show, you will not get anything like this. As an element, helium can react with some other element. And can make some compound, then there is no possibility.
Yes, its nucleus can make carbon by mixing. But that possibility is only within the star. We can't do it now. Okay, let me give you a concept of valency.
Because you know what group number tells you? Group number tells number of final electron. How many electrons are there in the last cell? You know this group number.
How many electrons are there in the last cell of any atom? This is told by group number. Like in the last cell of all atoms, there is one electron. In the last cell of this atom, there are two electrons.
In the last cell of this atom, there are three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Group number tells you about the number of electrons in the last cell. Ok, I have told you the same thing. Let me tell you the last thing about valency. What is valency?
This is the valency. The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom to complete its octet. Any atom has to take or give as many electrons as it has to complete its octet. This will be called valency.
Ok, so how can we tell the valency of any element? How can the valency be found? For example, group 1 has 1 electron in its last cell.
Now, we have to complete octet, that means we have to complete 8 electrons in the last cell. These two can do the work, either we will give 1 electron or we will take 7 electrons. So, it is easier to give 1 electron.
So, we will give 1 electron, its velocity is plus 1. In their last cell, there are 2 electrons of all, which is the element of 2A group. Now, either we will give 2 electrons or we will take 6 electrons. So, it is easier for them to give 2 electrons. Okay, children? So, this is the plus 2 valence of all.
In their last cell, there are 3 electrons and 3 m. So what can they do? If they give 3, then there is a plus 3 valency. In their last cell, there are 4 electrons.
They can take 4 and give 4. So their valency is plus minus. And if you are sharing normally, then there is a plus minus 4 valency. If they take 5 groups and take 3 electrons to complete the octet, then what will happen?
Minus 3. If they take 6 groups and take 2 electrons, then what will happen? Minus 2. What will the 7 group do to complete the octet? If it takes one electron, what will happen to the valency? What will the 8 group do to complete the last cellmate electron?
If it is the first 8 group, it will do nothing, so what will happen to the valency? Zero. That's why they are called the zero group.
Yes. Because we know that when we talk about atomic, in relation to potential, then francium can easily lose electrons, while fluorine can easily get electrons. That's why it will take the fastest reaction.
Tell me all the blocks of the killer. Now if you have any questions, you can ask them. There are 4 blocks in the product.
So there are 1 and 2. This is S block. From 3 to 7, we have P block elements. This is P block.
These are the outer transition elements. These are the D block elements. Well, below, these are transition elements, these are air flow elements.
There are two series of air flow elements, one is lengthenite series and one is actinite series. If you ask me how to do electronic configuration, then we will see it in tomorrow's class. It is a very different topic.
General valential configuration, NS1, NS2, N-1D. This is a big topic. We will learn about electronic configuration first and then we will talk about it.
This is not my topic for today. What you are saying about general valence configuration, NS1, NS2, NS2, NP2, this is a different topic. We will discuss it tomorrow.
Today I have discussed a basic lecture on product table. What is that? Transition.
Because electrons are in transition. They are jumping from lower to higher and higher to lower. That's what traditional limits are.
Okay, that's enough for today's lecture.