hey welcome back to mr mix classroom i'm mr mig and in this video we're again talking about the faa part 107 exam so if you're new to the channel i ask that you subscribe if you're not new i still ask you to subscribe if you haven't yet and give me a thumbs up it really helps with the algorithm um so in this video particularly we're going to go over the weather section for the faa part 107 drone exam so this exam is so you can be a licensed drone pilot and fly drones commercially all right without further ado let me go ahead and share my screen here weather is probably the biggest um section on the 107 exam or the second biggest i would say sectional charts have the most questions and the weather second most um weather's super important it's definitely an area where i see a lot of students say they struggle some students have told me they get actually more weather questions than sectional chart questions everybody's exams going to be a little bit different but expect some weather questions you're going to definitely have some um so here's what we're going to do today i'm going to have multiple videos on the weather because it's so big i'm going to split it up into three videos the first video i'm going to go over wind air masses atmospheric stability and visibility in clouds and then i'll do a second video where i'll do icing and fog density altitude which is a tricky one um i'll go over the weather briefings i've already talked about metars so i'll do taps uh probably as a second video and then i'm probably going to do a third video just on the life cycle of a thunderstorm because that's definitely a question that's usually asked all right so let's get into wind here well let's just start with the basic things um you know the main purpose of these videos is to help you with the exam but i also want you to know how to be a responsible um ua pilot and i think that's really important so one of the things you should know is that the remote pilot in command is you know needs to be responsible for weather weather conditions where they're at you know you obviously you need to know if you're close to an airport but you are responsible to know the red weather conditions and you need to check those ahead of time and this is a question they might ask you on the exam to be in all honesty who's responsible for knowing the weather conditions and it's going to be the remote pilot command which they'll abbreviate as pic pilot in command or rpic um uh let's see how will weather affect visibility on the flight mission that's one important thing for the pic to know the pilot command and uh will there be proper separation between the suas and clouds remember that the faa requires a minimum distance both horizontally and vertically between your unmanned aerial system and the cloud so you got to be 500 feet below the clouds at minimum and 2000 feet horizontally away i've gotten over i'm going over that in other videos so i'm not going to go over the that too much in this one this one's more about the weather just remember you need you are responsible to know how high the clouds are you got to look that up um because you know the faa doesn't want an airplane that could be flying through the clouds to come through the clouds and then his landing and then runs into your ua that's not that that's bad all right so in this one i built in some questions or really i should say i got these from another teacher you rock um and so uh he built in some questions here and um he's awesome he's also a drone teacher uh in my same state so uh anyway so here's some questions here um every physical process of weather is accompanied by or is the result of a take a second to think about this if you want to pause go ahead heat exchange so heat exchange is what is uh creating our weather obviously there there's other things that can contribute but you're getting heat exchange for the physical process of weather um and these these little things that i'm these questions in here are exam questions these are similar to what you can see on the exam so every physical process of weather is accompanied by or is the result of unequal heating of the earth's surface and i'll get into actual stuff i just wanted to prep you up for some questions the development of thermals depends on again if you want to pause go ahead solar heating all right and here give us thermals are updrafts in convection uh in convection currents dependent on solar heating and we'll get into more of that in a second so warm air has a tendency to rise cold air has a tendency to descend uh replacing the rising warm air and this is really important so when you're getting these um when you and i'll talk about this in a little bit but when there's warm air below the cool air warm air wants to rise right so and that's when you can get these vertical kind of wind conditions and that's not good when you're flying right you don't that's what creates uh turbulence and that's something you definitely want to be concerned of all right wind can affect you uh aas performance and maneuverability during all phases of the flight the remote pic needs to be aware of the following objects on the ground can affect the flow of wind creating rapid changes and wind speed and direction high winds make it difficult to maintain and hold flight position and will consume more battery i note here wind shear is a sudden drastic change in the wind speed and or direction over a very small area wind shear can subject an aircraft to violent updrafts and down drafts as well as abrupt changes in the horizontal movement of the aircraft when shares can occur at any altitude and that's something that you'll see asked can these occur at any altitude yes wind shares can occur at any altitude all right however it is particularly hazardous at low levels due to the proximity proximity to the suas in the ground and the problem there is obviously if for some reason you get a down draft and pushes you downward and you're close to the ground well you could crash right and you you need to be aware of that [Music] um i like down here this little rule of thumb um just kind of skipping ahead and i'm not going to read you all these slides um the maximum wind speed should be no more than two-thirds of the maximum air speed of the suas i think that's like a nice little thing to know that i think a lot of ua pilots don't know so like if you're going outside and you see the winds like you know kind of strong but not too too strong it's like is it too windy to fly well this is kind of a good rule of thumb to go by so if your maximum speed of your drone is 30 miles an hour if the wind's more than 20 miles an hour it's too windy for you to fly right so that two-thirds rule is kind of a good way to go um but that being said you know always abide by the owner's manual of your ua's maximum operating speed um you know every ua is going to be different so you need to know your particular aircraft um wind speed is also measured is often measured in knots so you're going to need to know this term knots uh they'll abbreviate this on the exam as k t uh a knot is a measure of speed in nautical miles per hour one nautical mile is equal to 1.15 statute miles so this is kind of goes back to longitude and latitude actually we talked about this in that section therefore one knot is equal to 1.15 miles an hour right so for all of you wondering how fast one knot is it's just a little faster than going one mile an hour [Music] all right this is really important i really need you to understand this concept here that we're going to talk about because this is a weird thing that they do in aviation wind directions are given encompass headings as measured from north of zero right so the wind compass direction reported is always in the direction in which the wind is coming from so if we say the wind is uh we got an easterly wind it means the wind is coming from the east right here they give us an example 45 degrees so same thing here they're using degrees instead of north south east west which is fine for example a wind direction of 45 degrees means the wind is coming from the northeast for it's coming from 45 degrees on our compass i i want you to understand this because this is the opposite of when we're talking about aircraft heading right so when we're talking about aircraft heading we're saying the heading of an aircraft it's the direction in which the aircraft is going so if we're talking about wind and we're saying hey the wind is a northeasterly wind it's coming from the northeast right the wind is coming from the northeast and traveling to the southwest but if we're talking about an aircraft and we're seeing an aircraft is on a heading of the northeast that means it's going to the northeast and coming from the southwest you need to know those if that is confusing please rewind this video and re watch that if it's still confusing ask a comment in the comments section right so i'm going to read this out to you no aircraft compass headings are always in the direction in which the aircraft is flying an aircraft flying at 45 degrees is heading toward the northeast thick fixed-wing aircraft always want to take off and land heading into the wind to maximize their lift capabilities at slow speeds right so know the difference wind is based on where it's coming from aircrafts are based on where it's going to got that see how these are the same direction but they're going in two different directions the wind is right you got that all right ask me questions if you don't um this this might not be so much asked on the test but again these are kind of good things to know just be cautious when you're flying your ua again my so far my videos are mostly focused on the faa part 107 exam but in the future i plan on talking more about actual drones um right now i just want to help folks with the faa port 107 exam but in the meantime i do want to point these things out i don't think i'm i think i you know have an obligation to point some things out even if they're not always on the exam and i've told you this you could have never flown a drone ever and passed this exam it's more about the knowledge not so much about knowing how to fly but if you're getting the license you should know how to fly too and one thing i want you to be aware of is that wind speeds below the treetops you know might be safe and then when you're with like so say you're flying and there's trees around you the wind might be slower because it's blocked by the trees and then but if you go you know get your drone above the trees then it could get blown away by the wind right because the wind could be stronger above the trees um you know so just be aware of that right um oh here it kind of says that when speeds above the trees trees might exceed the safe speed no they could blow your drone away so just be aware that if you're in wooded areas and then you fly your drone above the trees [Music] okay um here's some other things you really i think we should know about so we'll do questions on and then we'll go over so these are kind of things that they will more ask about um one of the things that you'll notice on this exam is that you're going to get a lot of questions that are relevant to airplanes manned aircraft not just uh drones they'll often maybe ask a question saying you're flying a fixed-wing drone right but how many people are flying flicks fixed-wing drones some but not a ton most people are flying quadcopters the faa wants you to understand how aircrafts fly because they don't want you to run your drone into an aircraft so you've got to know a lot about fixed swing aviation even if you're never going to fly a fixed wing um if you're going to pass this test so if it doesn't seem like it applies to drone pilots it might not but you still got to know it if you want to pass the test all right um this one actually could still apply so uh just saying that because we got a picture of an airplane here all right wind shear can exist and we said this earlier at all altitudes yes it's more dangerous when you're at lower altitudes especially for manned aviation right because when unmanned aircraft crashes it's really really bad um but it can wind shear can exist at all altitudes i've said in past videos when you see the all answer choice it tends to be that now i'm not saying it is every single time i think i've seen one question one and i've seen a lot of practice questions for the part 107 exam i've seen one where there was an all answer choice and that was not the correct answer but 95 plus percent of the time when there is an all answer choice it's i've it has been the answer for me um now i'm not saying like if you feel confident that answers something else and it's not all i'm not telling you to go against what you think and pick all i'm just saying if you have no clue and there's an all-answer choice go with all um it it seems to usually be correct all right so wind shears can exist at all altitudes [Music] a strong steady wind exists out of the north you need to photograph an area to the south of your location you're you are located in an open field with no obstructions which of the following is not a concern during this operation okay so what's not a concern steady strong winds coming out of the north and you need to photograph an area to the south all right strong wind conditions may consume more battery power at a faster rate than uh in calm conditions but yeah that's that's true turbulent conditions will likely be a significant factor during the operation strong wind may exceed the performance of the suas making it impossible to recover all right so um so here's the thing i sometimes you'll get a question where you get multiple answers where that they seem that they're right and you got to be careful because they're trying to trick you here your strong wind conditions are going to consume more battery at a faster rate than common conditions that's true but does that answer the question for what we're talking about here um so which of the following is not a concern i mean that's still a concern and so you don't want to get tripped up with that turbulent lint conditions are likely to be significant factor during this operation that's not a concern why well we're getting a strong wind out of the north but we're it didn't say anything about having like um it didn't say anything about having conditions that are going to create like uh updrafts and down drafts so that's why it's not such a big deal but this c is a big deal with strong wind conditions may exist exceed the performance of the suas making it impossible to recover all right so if we're going to the south and then there's strong wind coming out of the north then getting back we'll fly south real real quick real real easy but then getting back north we might not be able to get back north because now we're going against the wind coming back and it could make it impossible to recover all right so but turbulence like could we have turbulence here yes we could have turbulence and so i know this is a tricky question because it's like it's a strong steady win the key here is steady and that's why turbulence isn't the right answer um if it said like strong variable wind or strong wind with updrafts and down drafts then you know b could be correct but here it's saying strong steady so it's strong wind but staying steady so that's why remember that turbulence is more created by that kind of updrafts and downdrafts i hope that makes sense if it doesn't please ask in the comment section that one gets tough for folks because they feel like strong wind should be something you should be concerned of and it should be but it's just like you know what's the best answer all right uh let's get into air masses and air fronts a large body of slow-moving air of relatively uniform temperature and moisture content is known as an air mass when two air masses of dissimilar properties collide the line of collision is known as a front and i like the little graph that we have here so um so advancing cold air is coming in and we had warm air here remember what's going to happen is warm air likes to rise it's going to get pushed above our cold air front coming in or we know this is a cold front because it's donated or it's denoted as the blue line with these little blue arrows if it was a warm front it would be a red on line with the with red arrows here so that's cold front there cloud development because of frontal lifting of warm moist air so that's what you're going to get as warm air gets pushed up and it's going to create clouds okay all right so here's our front types cold front the leading edge of an advancing cold air mass often accompanied by poor weather right you'll want to know this cold fronts are often accompanied by poor weather ahead of the front which passes relatively quickly because again we're getting that warm air that's getting pushed up and creating those clouds once the front is passed a wind shift can be expected along with turbulence possibly thunderstorms hail and or tornadoes again here you're getting when you're getting cold air and warm air colliding you're going to get turbulence because you're going to have air going up and down right when those flood fronts clyde you're having that warm air going up and the cold air coming down and that creates turbulence because if a plane is coming through and the air is doing like this thing over here that's obviously going to make the plane a little like less steady warm fronts the leading edge of an advancing warm air mass move about one half as fast as a cold front this is a total question right this is like this is the type of information they love to ask on the part 107 exam is like something like which of the following could be characterized as moving half as fast as a cold front or uh you know uh something along those natures though they could test you that warm fronts move half as fast as cold fronts so remember that write it down in a flash card if that helps uh and what actually i would do is i would take these down and i would get two flashcards and i would put cold front on the front side of one flashcard and then i would write these three bullet points here and then i'd get another flash card and write warm front on the front of it and write these three bullet points on that one often preceded by lower ceilings increased precipitation and reduced visibility so know that with the warm front you're getting that reduced visibility okay [Music] and here's a question i let me know in the comment section if you like this like learn a little bit get a question learn a little bit get a question it's different than what i've been doing where i give you a bunch of information and then i'll do a separate video with a bunch of questions so if you like this style please give me a thumbs up in the uh a like and then write it in the comment section just let me know if you like this style or if you don't like the style let me know that too and i'll go back to the other way um one weather phenomenon which will always occur when flying across the front is a change in the and pause the video if you want okay wind direction right so uh when you're flying across the front remember you're getting two different types of air the cold air mass in the warm air mass you're gonna have different wind directions the zone between different temperature humidity and wind is called a pause the video if you want a front this one should be an easy given all right uh let's do they say m yeah atmospheric stability and um actually i might do clouds on a separate video and do that with life cycle or thunderstorm uh so we might stop after this section um atmospheric stability is defined defined as the resistance of the atmosphere to vertical motion a stable atmosphere resists upward and downward movement an unstable atmosphere on the other hand allows an upward or downward disturbance to grow into vertical currents remember vertical currents are bad and that's what creates turbulence we don't want that when we're flying we like stable where we're getting horizontal currents right or not vertical currents unstable air can result in weather conditions unfavorable to suas operations that should be pretty easy easy sometimes these things are counter-intuitive this one's not this one's pretty straightforward unstable air is not good all right let's talk about stable air versus unstable air [Music] i will say this there's pros and cons to everything it seems to be that there's no perfect um weather condition like even like there's there's always going to be a bad right so you'll even see with stable air there's something bad about it so let's talk about that so characteristics of stable or unstable air let's go over unstable air first um unstable air or uh let's see showery precipitation so this meaning like precipitation where it's like gonna have it's not steady right you maybe it's moving or a lot of wind or it could be coming sideways you know there's days where it's raining you don't know if it's coming from you know going down up down or sideways it's coming at you at all angles that that'd be like the showery um rough air which is turbulence that's gonna be unstable but there's a positive with unstable air good visibility except in blowing obstructions right so like if we're not having you know with unstable air if you're you're not having like a rainy situation you could have good visibility um that that's something that you need to recognize so like what which they might ask a question like this which the following is a characteristic with unstable air and they might put something like showery precipitation rough air and poor visibility or which of the following is not a characteristic sorry it's not a characteristic with unstable air shower precipitation rough air or poor visibility and you want to think okay it's unstable air it's probably going to be everything's bad about it the answer would be poor visibility because with unstable air you actually get good visibility so there's like there seems to always be a good and a bad it doesn't seem to be we have a perfect weather condition uh if there was something that was closest to perfect it would actually be like dry cold cold dry air would be the probably best situation for flying but that can even have some cons too because you could get freezing and icing but we'll talk about that later stable air uh you get the stratus form clouds and fog right continuous precipitation so that's steady you know those days with that steady precipitation not really blowing a whole lot you get smoother air but you have fair to poor visibility with this stable air and that's because again you can get more of those foggy conditions right so stable air it's easier to fly in it's more comfortable you're not going to be rocking up and down but you're going to have worse visibility for ua pilot like us drone pilots that's bad because we're not allowed to fly unless we can have three statute miles i'm trying to get my fingers in the picture three it's that mirrored image you know it's weird three statute miles visibility meaning if you cannot see for three miles you are not allowed to fly your ua right so uh you've got to be aware of that maybe it's good stable air but if you can't see three statue miles you're not flying um all right so there's like i said pros and cons to everything uh a stable air mass is most likely to have which characteristic okay so a stable air mass is most likely to have which characteristic and this is like this is like those tricky questions it's like um well i i remember there was something about precipitation in both of them right and it's like okay i'm gonna go with that because it's easy to think stable air mass is good so you you would have good visibility but no remember this remember this there's always a good with the bad there's always bad with the good right there's no perfect condition so it's like if you have something bad about stable air and that bad thing about stable air is usually poor visibility here's an example i'll try not to show the answer this time there we go what would be what would decrease the stability of an air mass would it be warming from below cooling from below or decrease in water vapor and if you look at this here it kind of shows you the answer so pause and pick all right and then so if you look at this it will like um show you the answer um what what happens if you uh you know show you the answers warming from below so if you have warm air from below what happens is remember that air wants to rise because warm air likes to rise and cold air likes to fall so um that's going to decrease stability because you're going to get those updrafts and down drafts i know this is like a hurricane structure but it still does like a good job of kind of depicting what's happening this warm air is getting sucked up and the cold air is getting pushed down so we're going to have your when you got warm air below you're going to get that unstable or deep air conditions all right let's go ahead and do this i said i was gonna finish this section but i think this video is getting long so i'm gonna close out here uh and uh and then i'll go over visibility in clouds in my next video if you enjoyed the video please give me a thumbs up and subscribe um also leave a comment i really really love it when you all leave a comment remember i'm just uh i'm i'm just a high school teacher um so um anyway leave a comment in the comment section i'll catch you all next time thanks for watching mr mix classroom