Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Introduction

Definition: Clot typically forming in the lower extremities, most commonly in the calves
Characteristics: Almost always unilateral (one-sided)
Pathophysiology: A clot in the deep vein, under the umbrella of VTE (Venous Thromboembolism)
- Includes both DVT and PE (Pulmonary Embolism)
- Clot formation disrupts normal blood flow

Slow and sluggish blood flow:
- Smoking
- Long periods of sitting or traveling
- Surgery (prolonged immobility)
- Sedentary lifestyle, bed-bound or paralyzed
Oral Contraceptives: Increase chances of DVT
- Memory aid: Estrogen -> Emboli
Atrial Fibrillation: Disrupts blood flow, can create or dislodge a clot
Virchow's Triad:
1. Venous Stasis: Bed rest, immobility, travel, surgery
2. Endothelial Damage: Trauma, surgery, IV drug use, indwelling devices
3. Hypercoagulability: Pregnancy, cancer, contraceptive use, dehydration

Blood Work: D-dimer test
- Measures protein fragment from dissolving clot
- Elevated D-dimer (>0.5) indicates potential clot
Doppler Ultrasound: Locates the exact position of the clot

Risk of Pulmonary Embolism: Life-threatening if the clot dislodges
Memory Trick - DVT:
- D: Don't walk, massage, or use heat on the leg
- V: Vein issues - elevate above heart level to minimize pressure
- T: Terminate with Anticoagulants (e.g., Heparin, Warfarin)