Particulate Nature of Matter

Solids

• Particles arranged in a fixed pattern.
• No intermolecular forces (IMF) of attraction are moderate.
• Lattice structure with strong forces of attraction.

State Changes

• Boiling occurs at specific temperatures and involves bubbles.
• Condensation, sublimation, and other state changes.
• Specific cases like NH have lower molecular mass and diffuse faster.

Atomic Structure

• Atoms are electrically neutral (equal protons and electrons).
• Isotopes: Atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons; chemically similar.

Chemical Bonds and Compounds

Types of Bonds

• Covalent Bonds
  • Sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Occur in molecules like diamond and graphite.
• Ionic Bonds
  • Transfer of electrons between ions.
  • Strong electrostatic attraction, high melting and boiling points.
• Metallic Bonds
  • Delocalized electrons within metal structures.

Structures

• Giant Covalent Structures
  • Diamond: tetrahedral structure, strong bonds, high melting point.
  • Graphite: layered structure, good conductor due to free electrons.
• Ionic Compounds
  • High melting/boiling points due to strong ionic bonds.

Diffusion Factors

• Affected by molecular mass and temperature.

Reaction Dynamics

Energetics

• Exothermic Reactions: Release heat (e.g., combustion).
• Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat.

Reaction Rates

• Influenced by temperature, concentration, pressure, and catalysts.
• Catalysts lower activation energy, increasing reaction rate.

Equilibrium

• Dynamic equilibrium in reversible reactions.
• Le Chatelier's Principle: System adjusts to counter changes in conditions.

Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons

• Saturated (Alkanes): Single bonds between carbons.
• Unsaturated (Alkenes/Alkynes): Multiple bonds.

Functional Groups

• Alcohols: OH group.
• Carboxylic Acids: COOH group.
• Esters: Formed from alcohols and acids.

Polymerization

• Addition Polymerization: Monomers with double bonds form polymers (e.g., polyethylene).
• Condensation Polymerization: Formation of polymers with the release of small molecules.

Catalysis and Reaction Pathways

• Importance of catalysts and energy changes in chemical reactions.

This summary highlights the core concepts presented in the lecture, focusing on the nature of matter, chemical bonding, reaction dynamics, and basic organic chemistry.