Overview
This lecture analyzes Federalist Paper Number 10 by James Madison, focusing on the problem of factions and the advantages of a large republic in addressing them.
The Problem of Factions
- Factions are groups of citizens united by interests adverse to others or the community as a whole.
- The main source of factions is the unequal distribution of property and different economic interests.
- Factions are unavoidable because human nature leads to differing opinions and interests.
- Removing the causes of factions would destroy liberty, which is essential for political life.
- Since factions cannot be eliminated, government must control their effects.
Dangers of Factions in Government
- Minority factions can be controlled by majority rule through voting.
- Majority factions are more dangerous because they can oppress minority rights and the public good.
- The challenge is to protect both public good and private rights without abandoning popular government.
Democracy vs. Republic
- A pure democracy is small and governed by direct participation, making it vulnerable to majority factions.
- A republic uses elected representatives and can cover a larger population and territory.
- Representatives refine and enlarge public views, prioritizing national over local or personal interests.
Advantages of a Large Republic
- Larger republics make it harder for factions to form a majority because of diverse interests and opinions.
- Elected representatives in a large republic are more likely to be competent and respected.
- The federal system balances national and state interests, addressing both broad and local concerns.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Faction — A group of citizens with interests or passions opposed to the rights of others or the overall community.
- Pure Democracy — A small society where citizens govern directly.
- Republic — A government where citizens elect representatives to govern on their behalf.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Madison's arguments comparing pure democracy and republics.
- Be prepared to discuss how the structure of the U.S. Constitution addresses the dangers of factions.