we struggle for new land new opportunities [Applause] wealth and power mankind on an Epic Journey risking off for a new world its riches pour out across the planet triggering conflict new connections and launch a band of pilgrims across an ocean in search of the Promised Land it's the chaos of an unforgiving Planet most species will fail but for one all the pieces will fall into place and a set of keys will unlock a path for mankind to Triumph this is our story The Story of All of Us Guided by Thor God of Thunder the Vikings set out across the world their long boats are fast rugged designed to navigate the most treacherous waters on Earth the longboat's almost like an all-terrain water vehicle but allows these Vikings to go further deeper and almost anywhere on the planet from Scandinavia Warrior storm through Europe raiding settling founding new cities connecting the northern world now they head west across the Atlantic Ocean mankind on a New Journey that will connect a divided planet the first Europeans known to land in the Americas [Applause] thorvald Erickson Dairy Explorer a hero whose exploits are remembered in Viking Legend they brought the ship to where they could Moor her and torval walked ashore with his crew this is a fine place he said I should like to make it my home since human beings first walked out of Africa seventy thousand years ago mankind seeks new resources and opportunities New Frontiers to explore and conquer there are always resources and Wide Open Spaces beyond the next mountain range beyond the next ocean we're never quite satisfied nor is our curiosity ever quite satisfying want to know what's over there but this land belongs to the innu foreign descendants of the first pioneers who came into America 19 000 years before 90 million Native Americans third of the planet's population cut off from the rest of the world until now it's like aliens coming from outer space to land on your Beach they were strangers they looked pale and grisly we're expert Hunters armed with stone-tipped arrows Swift silent deadly the Inuit people who hunted they hunted caribou and moose and Bear they could drop a great moose with their arrows they could certainly drop a Viking foreign the Viking weapon of choice the iron broad ax designed to split a skull in a single blow Viking culture was a warrior culture the man's greatest wish was to die in battle doing a heroic dude that ensured his seat in Valhalla yeah yeah [Music] the Viking history's record they killed eight in you exhausted they made count suddenly they were startled by the sound of a cry above them [Music] ald Erickson the first European to die on American soil [Applause] it will be 500 years before another European sets foot in the New World foreign Americas no iron tools or horses [Music] no-wheeled vehicles yet America's people engineer great monuments thousands of years before the Egyptians they mapped the stars with as much accuracy as any astronomer in Europe [Music] one of the greatest cities on the planet capital of the Aztec empire larger than London Paris or Rome [Music] at its heart a Stone Temple 100 feet high [Applause] where Sky Earth and underworld meet [Music] enter of a civilization dedicated to human blood [Music] [Music] 100 miles from the city this Tech Warriors are on a hunt their prey not animals but humans they chase down the leader of an enemy tribe the aim is not to kill they need to take him alive to keep the universe in balance Aztecs believed they owe a debt of blood to their gods [Music] today a special offer Coley skilled Warrior bitter rival the Aztec's Greatest Prize fighting for his life thank you [Applause] this Tech men are trained to fight from puberty persists to become Jaguar Knights their weapons not metal but obsidian volcanic glass so sharp some surgeons today favorite over Steel it is the most Superior cutting material known to man perfectly capable of cutting a man into so I will call his weapon a club decorated with feathers not only is it terrifying if you were to imagine yourself in that position it's also the opportunity to find out what you're made of a fight to the death that will become Aztec Legend [Applause] s Mexico capital of the Aztec empire a captive Warrior fights for his life [Applause] thank you [Applause] Elite Jaguar Knights slice at his flesh to wear him down the Aztecs have created one of the most sophisticated civilizations on the planet a great City with laws against drunkenness theft and adultery compulsory education three and a half centuries before the United States a city of philosophers poets mathematicians they valued art literature they were very very great civilized society but the Aztecs believe their gods need human blood eight men down in flower Kole is still standing [Applause] but his strength is fading [Applause] [Music] [Applause] the warrior who cuts him down will get to wear his flayed skin for 20 days family will eat his flesh giving them the status of Gods priests sacrificed thousands of men women and children a year up to twenty thousand in one of their most important ceremonies one of the greatest acts of human sacrifice in history the Aztecs are very philosophical about death death is what gives meaning to life and that by having the idea of death it makes the Here and Now sweeter and More Beautiful [Applause] offered to the god of the sun and War we'd see Le poachly guardian of the universe in return the Aztecs believe his blood will guarantee a Bountiful Harvest crop that will become key to Mankind's future [Music] corn six thousand years ago early farmers in the Americas turn a weed into a cereal that produces more calories per acre than any other with almost twice as many genes as a human being [Music] found in a quarter of all Supermarket products we buy today corn is the staple of Aztec life but while Aztec power reaches its height events seven thousand miles away are about to change their world forever stantonople the Eastern capital of the Christian world founded by Rome's first Christian emperor Constantine foreign at the city's heart an icon of Christian faith I are so fear the largest Cathedral of this day the year is 1453 an epic battle is looming that will shift the balance of power between east and west and change the story of mankind Constantinople is going to change the entire picture of the world that we have with the discovery of new continents the two events are inextricably linked Constantinople is under siege by the ottoman Turks an Islamic Army seventy thousand strong the attack Sultan Mehmet II scholar Warrior obsessed Conquering the city has been his dream since the age of 13. [Music] like the Mongol hordes of Genghis Khan Turks were once Nomads from Central Asia [Music] mimic can take Constantinople he'll control the key trade routes between east and west and the city's vast trade in spices they want to take Constantinople it's Rich it's the center of a of a vast trade of spices and other things flowing into Europe one dried Berry makes up as much as two-thirds of the spice trade into Europe [Music] a spice that changes the story of mankind foreign tons [Music] shipped from Southern India every year [Music] the sultan wants Constantinople as the jewel of a new Islamic empire [Music] one Empire One Faith and one sovereignty in the world but the city has the greatest defensive walls in Europe [Applause] four miles long up to 100 feet high mimic's Big Challenge was to bring down the walls of Constantinople no one had ever defeated the walls of Constantinople now a devastating new use of weapons [Music] non-stop artillery bombardment the key to the future of War artillery becomes the king of battle and it's proven at Constantinople the fate of Constantinople will change lives in every corner of the planet Mankind's Destiny can turn on single battle with the walls of Constantinople fall under bombardment by the Turks the world will never be the same again 6910 dedicated teams working in shifts [Music] cool clean reloads each Cannon packed with up to 10 Stone balls for those people in Constantinople they never experienced anything like a Canon bombardment I have been rocking I've been mortared before and it ain't no fun you know you never know you don't know where it's going to land foreign for 53 days the great cannonballs Flew Over the walls and crashed through the houses of the city and then as they struck the ground Stone shattered and they burst in a shrapnel hail of Jagged Little splinters that killed and maimed and lacerated for hundreds of yards around fenders rebuild [Music] but Mehmet breaks through [Applause] a new era of warfare stone walls will no longer protect us [Music] Constantinople had managed to hold out for a century until my namesake amendment to conqueror brought his Turkish tribes and was able to invade Constantinople in that one very Sleek move tilted the axis of human history took an entire part of the planet that had preserved Christianity and made it Islamic Christian Constantinople becomes Islamic Istanbul the great Cathedral I Sophia becomes the largest mosque in the world the world's most important trade routes now in the hands of a new Empire hostile to the West forcing Europeans to search for a new route to The Riches of the East [Music] 30 years after Constantinople ship heads into a storm off the coast of southern Africa on a journey that will open a new era of exploration in command Portuguese explorer bartolomeo Diaz wealthy nobleman expert Seaman risk taker Diaz is heading into unchartered Waters searching for a new route to India around the southern tip of Africa Boats were hard to navigate people got in ships and sailed across oceans it's really extraordinary how many of those ships never came back Diaz has been using the coast to navigate but as the storm gets worse his guide becomes his enemy you don't want to be near the shore because you don't get driven up on the rocks getting blue water over the deck and things are breaking and you know all hell is breaking loose you're terrified you are sure this is it I mean you're making your peace with God and and hoping for the best now Diaz faces a choice that will determine the future for all of us head out into unchartered Waters or risk death on the rocks the Pioneer on a journey that will change the shape of the world in a storm off the coast of Africa searching for a new sea route to the east bartolomeo Diaz has two options risk death on the rocks or head out into the Atlantic Ocean and the unknown lowers the ship's Square sails puts his faith in an ancient Roman technology that will become the key to a new age of exploration a triangular Latin sale acts like a wing almost it actually develops lift much like an airplane's wing and if you have a strong Rudder able to steer that ship towards the wind it transmits all that energy into Forward Motion you can at least make a tiny bit of upwind Headway maybe you can claw your way off those rocks and not wreck and smash and destroy your boat Diaz turns his ship and heads into the unchartered Waters of the South Atlanta risking everything if he can't find his way back to shore out of sight of land for 13 days no idea what lies ahead are useless lost at sea his fate now turns on a powerful force of nature beneath the waves an ocean gyre a vast circular current caused by prevailing winds working against the rotation of the Earth creating a conveyor belt of water four thousand times more powerful than the Mississippi River so if you're sitting be calmed in an ocean gyre it feels like you're you know a painted chip on a painted ocean nothing's happening but what's really going on is you're covering ground but the whole sea is moving in this Arc the discovery of ocean gyres will revolutionize seafaring Diaz has no idea of the forces that slingshot his ship [Music] from an empty ocean toward the southern tip of Africa he really had everything going for him he had the prevailing winds with him he had the current with him and he was on a ride that he may not even have fully understood [Music] Diaz claims the land in the name of God and Country it will become known as the Cape of Good Hope key to a new sea route to the east bypassing Constantinople direct Passage to India [Music] within 50 years it becomes one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world [Music] 44 000 tons of goods shipped around the cave each year building new empires new connections and a new future [Music] the race to profit from The Riches of the East is on October 12th 1492. a date seared onto the hard drive of humanity Spanish Sailors discover land leading them an Italian Christopher Columbus Maverick Hustler with his own dream to find a shortcut to the east [Music] his plan to sail west to China he calculates the journey from Spain will take him just 21 days he underestimates The Distance by seven thousand miles well striking about this is that any educated person at the time would know that Columbus was wrong undaunted convinced he's right Columbus has been all over Europe begging for support for his journey Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella throw some money his way barely enough to fund the Expedition it's kind of the way that a wealthy person might bet 100 bucks on poker you know without much expectation but you can afford it after five weeks at Sea close to starvation thousands of miles from his Target he reaches land which he believes is Japan in fact it's the Bahamas off the coast of a vast new world the Americas [Music] [Music] isolated from each other for ten thousand years not only a huge event in history but it's a huge event in the history of life the Bahamas are home to the Taino people he sees these people for the most part by European standards very tall very healthy very good looking you know living in a state of abundance [Music] Columbus records their first encounter the people kept calling to us and giving thanks to God as if we come from heaven [Music] I presented them with some red caps and Beads they were much delighted and became wonderfully attached to us [Music] living in a different ecosystem for thousands of years people of the Americas have no immunity to a deadly threat disease Europeans were sort of swimming in this bacterial and viral soup that was utterly unlike anything over there you contact with an invisible killer that will one day change the destiny of the new world but Columbus is on a search for treasure [Music] I kept my eyes open and tried to find if there was any gold hanging from a hole in their nose I gathered that by going further I'd find a king who possessed in great quantities of gold [Music] Columbus returns to Spain a hero Journeys opened floodgates foreign [Music] [Applause] Mexico part of the Aztec empire 28 years after Columbus the Lust For Gold is about to change the destiny of the new world through the Ambitions of one man Hernan Cortez Charming and ruthless leading a band of just 500 European adventurers Cortez was quite a manipulator and quite Savvy he knows how to motivate people and the objective is gold and that's what of course was the Prime motivation thank you Aztec Emperor Montezuma the richest most powerful man in the Americas ruler of 25 million people he's welcome Cortez and his men into his Palace a mistake that will change the fate of a continent their numbers were small how could they constitute a threat when you have an army That's A Thousand Times Ten Thousand Times larger than the few hundred Souls that they brought right Cortez's plan kidnapped the emperor part of his calculation was if we can show that we can take over at this level you know incarcerate the head of the Empire maybe the rest of the dominoes will fall Montezuma's treasuries are filled with gold the Spanish lust for plunder astonishes the Aztecs and eyewitness reports they snatched up the gold like monkeys they were swollen with greed they hungered for that gold like wild pigs the people dubbed their captive Emperor Cortez's horde and Revolt [Applause] trapped inside the palace Cortez receives word from his men we're in imminent danger we'll all perish unless Montezuma commands the hostilities to stop foreign [Applause] [Music] these strangers are my guests lay down your arms [Applause] [Music] the most powerful ruler in the Americas murdered by his own people fighting for their lives Cortez and his men barely escaped with a fortune in Aztec gold and silver and leave behind a lethal time bomb The Conquistadors are going to war with the Aztecs but their biggest weapons aren't the ones they're carrying in their hands it's the virus in their bodies smallpox unbeknownst to them they bring it to battle six months later half the city is dead from smallpox 11 months after his Escape Cortez returns it's victory complete [Music] he's hijacked the mighty Aztec empire an Empire of 25 million brought down by just 500 men [Applause] the Quest for luxuries and Power sends Pioneers across oceans in search of opportunity now A New World brings new beginnings The Riches of a continent will flood out across the planet changing lives in every corner of the globe 1579. the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America a ship on a mission that launches a new age of piracy small fast armed with 18 cannons at the helm an Englishman Francis Drake Farmer's son Fearless Navigator and the most successful pirate in history in his sights a Spanish galleon loaded with a medal so valuable it will change the world Drake's secret partner in crime is the English Queen Elizabeth the first Drake was given letters of reprisal signed by the British crown which meant that he could go and raid Spanish shipping what he did was piracy he's already plundered over 70 Spanish ships king of Spain has put a price on his head 10 million dollars today dead or alive Spanish ship the [ __ ] of fuego heads for the coast of Panama with the most valuable cargo ever seen at Sea in its hold 26 tons of silver from the Americas worth 30 million dollars today [Music] barrels thrown off the stern slow Drake ship down so he was gaining on her very slowly very slightly imperceptibly and not looking like a foreign threat and why would they expect one there were no foreign ships in the Pacific disguised as a harmless Spanish Merchant Drake's ship has been chasing the [ __ ] of fuego for 14 days nothing worked better than deception but you can do the unexpected if you can set up your enemy so they think one thing while you do another thing you're gonna gain an advantage on the battlefield Drake can't risk an all-out attack instead of going to flat out war with another vessel where he takes the chance of sinking that vessel or having his vessel sank he wants to get as close as possible so that he can seize that vessel whole his plan a surgical strike from Close Quarters to take out the Spanish galleons main mask success on the battlefield whether it's land or sea is all about stacking the right advantage in your favor at the right time so when the moment comes you execute perfectly two cannonballs chained together smashed through the mast now she couldn't flee even if she tried she was incapacitated the richest pirate Hall the world had ever seen his entire national debt to fund its government for a year American silver the key to a new global economy that transforms lives in every corner of the planet in 50 years the Spanish and Portuguese have carved out vast new empires in the New World from New Mexico in the North to Argentina in the south high in the Andes in South America delivery that will launch a new era in the story of mankind toasty a mountain made of silver formed when continental plates collide 170 million years ago the Andes are the richest source of silver in the world magma from the Earth's crust pushes Rich silver veins towards the surface creating in Potosi silver veins up to 12 feet thick in the next 300 years Potosi will supply 80 percent of all the silver in the world we put a great value on that which is rare you can take silver and break it up into small bits so that they become a standard value currency and with that you can purchase and you can trade with other societies again it's going to increase the wealth of the entire world but within 20 years the richest silver ore is mined out Spanish Engineers with a problem the remaining ore is too low grade for the silver to be extracted using heat expanders have never encountered it anything like silver ore before and didn't know how to refine it the the techniques that they use actually just ended up boiling away the silver The Riches of America trapped inside its rocks but in 1553 a man arrives with a secret formula the key that unlocks the wealth of the new world [Music] Medina experimenter innovator entrepreneur textiles Trader from Spain he's traveled 5 000 miles to make his fortune his idea would build new cities and Empires create new ways of living launch new conflicts and help to fund some of the man-made wonders of the world [Music] a chemical formula for extracting silver using mercury at first the method that worked in Europe fails Medina doesn't realize that the silver bearing rocks of the Andes have fewer traces of copper than those of Europe essential for the formula to work for months he experiments searching for a solution [Music] I've suffered mental anguish I begged our lady to Enlighten and guide me [Music] so that I might be successful [Music] Medina was an entrepreneur who saw a problem and fiddled and experimented it until he came up with a solution [Music] finally a breakthrough the missing ingredient a common substance used to tan leather copper sulfate reacting with Mercury the missing Catalyst that separates the silver from its impurities key that turns the minds of Potosi into the richest source of silver mankind has ever known what Medina did was he made those Silver Mines of South America dramatically more productive and the flow of silver going into global trade just took off overnight 220 tons of silver mined each year Potosi becomes the busiest industrial complex in the world cheer in three giant furnaces the Spanish mint 2.5 million silver coins Pieces Of Eight the world's first universal currency [Music] silver becomes the key to Mankind's prosperity these Spanish coins are seen everywhere in the world they unite the world in a web of Commerce a single coin worth the equivalent of eighty dollars today legal tender in the USA until 1857. the scroll and pillars of the Spanish Royal press inspires one of the world's most potent siblings the dollar sign the result is extraordinary the entire world's economy is affected as this silver just explodes out of the Americas crosses the Pacific crosses into Europe and enormous burst of prosperity this is the true beginning of globalization Spanish fleets shipped 50 000 tons of silver out of the Americas creating a new Atlantic trade suddenly we have mass quantities coming onto the market which is going to really transform all of European trade and what we see is a whole new blooming economy in Europe new trading centers rise Seville Lisbon London and on the coast of a small new country the Netherlands the world's richest and busiest trading City Amsterdam a city of New Wealth and new desires about to trigger the world's most extraordinary boom in bus and gamble its future on a flower the Tula [Applause] Amsterdam 1639 [Applause] a city flush with new money a century after the Spanish conquest of the new world The Riches of the Americas and an explosion of global trade have turned the Netherlands into the richest nation on the planet the Dutch control over half the world shipping more new millionaires than anywhere else on Earth the highest income per head in Europe [Applause] City in love with gambling caught up in the excitement Jan van hoyen struggling artist looking for a new way to make his fortune in a wealthy city a city of great merchants and great Enterprises he's a guy on the move and he wants to get in on this action New Wealth drives the demand for new luxuries and one exotic import has captured the Public's imagination tumor ported from Turkey the patterns of the most exotic tulips are created by a virus that attacks only some bulbs making them rare and hard to cultivate [Music] today a tulip bulb sells for about 50 cents but in Holland in 1636 the rarest bulbs are selling for a hundred times their weight in gold Amsterdam's Merchants are inventing new ways of making money the birth of speculation in the back rooms of taverns tulip Merchants sell not flowers or bowls but the rights to next year's Harvest the world's first Futures Market today all agricultural products are sold at Futures markets and buy crops that have not been harvested yet similarly tulips were bought in advance of their delivery date in one month in November 1636 the price of tulip shares has quadrupled Van hoyen season opportunity until now if you weren't nobility or you weren't a great Merchant you weren't wealthy but here's a chance for the common people to become wealthy [Music] [Applause] confident of a quick return fan hoyen invests all his Savings in tulip shares [Music] by the beginning of December the price of tulip bulbs reaches 10 times their price a month before a bubble has started to inflict by December 12th the price doubles again at an auction in nearby Leiden seven penniless Orphans of an Innkeeper pin their hopes for the future on their dead father's small collection of tulip bowls [Music] [Applause] in less than an hour each child earns 40 times the annual income of an average Craftsman [Applause] tulips turn orphans into millionaires and the price continues to rise Holland is gripped by tulip Mania if you watch the price of tulips go up and up and up you start to think you're a fool if you don't get on that escalator and wind up Days Later fan hoyan like many others buys more tulip shares you may well know that a tulip is only worth a tulip and not worth a fortune but if other people think it's worth a fortune then you'll make a lot of money by January 1637 the price has doubled again [Applause] now a few wise investors decide to sell their shares and make fortunes living in financial markets is about timing the time you enter a contract and the timing you get out van hoyen hangs on to his confident that the market will continue to rise and rise I could see myself in his shoes he saw the orphans getting rich he thought he would like to be in the mix himself that if he didn't get in that he'd miss the boat he'd miss his chance unfortunately his timing was on suddenly on February 3rd 1637 at an auction in the city of Harlem a consignment of tulip bulbs goes unsold [Applause] within days investors panic and rush to sell their shares but there are no buyers look at prices crash tulips Once Sold for five thousand gilders now worthless from boom to bust and Dutch investors discover a truth that mankind is still learning today that the value of Investments can go down as well as up booms and busts have been with us since trade has been with us but what's special about the Tulip Mania is the fact that people like van goyen non-specialist non-traders are not qualified to understand the value of the bulb they're getting involved in this trade and frankly they're not in a position to absorb the risk van hoyen is ruined he never makes his fortune but in painting his way out of debt over 1200 pictures and 800 drawings he becomes one of Holland's most prolific and greatest artists [Music] New Wealth transforms Society in Europe with new desires and new Temptations [Applause] leading one group of religious radicals to reject this world is corrupt and ungodly and set out on a journey that will transform the future of a continent North America [Music] they call themselves pilgrims they arrive in the New World in search of religious freedom the pilgrims rejected the society that they were in they believed that the only way to preserve their religious belief pristine was to get away to go somewhere or they wouldn't be bothered and most importantly where their children wouldn't be tempted by what they had seen in Holland and England great [Music] hope of laying some great foundation for advancing the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in these remote parts of the world America representative Clean Slate because to their way of thinking it was empty [Applause] [Music] [Applause] but within months the pilgrims are struggling to survive they land at the start of a bitter New England winter their crops fail malnutrition starvation disease [Applause] [Music] 102 men women and children make the crossing [Music] six months later 50 of them are dead give us this day our daily bread thank you but we've got a double dude cover them up get the women back to camp the pilgrims bury their dead at first light to hide how weakened they've become because the land they've settled on is not empty it belongs to the wabanaki [Applause] Hunter between two is about to shape the future of mankind in New England 5th Pioneers prepare to fight for their lives the future of a continent hangs in the balance not all are pilgrims among them a soldier Miles Standish Brave impulsive the group's military commander [Applause] thank you there's somebody out there get the gate in place now now ladies get inside welcome Englishman welcome 3 000 miles from home the first Native American the pilgrims encounter greets them in their own language [Music] [Music] Samosa a wabanaki chief his English learned from earlier visitors to this Coast we think back to how fearful the English are of being here here's what they might think is a sign from God he actually speaks our language could have been a really violent encounter and Samoset should get a lot more credit for kind of bringing things down a notch the next day Samoset brings another English-speaking Warrior guanto Diplomat politician the man who will teach the pilgrims to survive in the New World Squanto has spent a year in Europe kidnapped and sold as a slave in Spain he wins his freedom and makes his way to London where he learns English hired as an interpreter for English merchants eventually earns his Passage back home William Bradford governor of the pilgrims writes Squanto was a special instrument sent of God and never left until he died he guides the pilgrims through his world brokering friendships alliances their Survival Guide in their new world what he and his people had learned in isolation over the Millennia the crops pilgrims bring from Europe have failed in poor sandy soil Squanto teaches them to fish and use their catch as fertilizer it surely must have come as a revelation to see people using fish to make the soil more productive to the early pilgrims it must have been quite a surprise and a crop they have never seen before [Music] porn the key to their survival and still today the most widely grown crop in the Americas William Bradford records we set some 20 acres of corn according to the manner of the Indians and now we began to gather up the small Harvest we were well recovered in health and had all things implanting they discovered perhaps to their surprise that the Indians weren't simply Savages who simply hunted and fished they had grown crops there was an exchange of ideas each side learned from the other and it seemed like a productive Enterprise on behalf of both side moment of cooperation all too rare in the story of the new world kilograms were important for what they represented in terms of Europe's preparation to essentially explode out across the Atlantic and reproduce itself not only North America and South America and other parts of the world as well 10 percent of all Americans today are descended from these first 50 pioneers thousands more will follow within a hundred years they found great trading cities that rival those of Europe Charleston Philadelphia New York Boston 50 Pioneers who turn their back on a world devoted to making money lay the foundations of the United States greatest trading nation of the future but while corn and cooperation transforms North America a new commodity sweeping the world sugar changes the destiny of another continent to a desperate struggle for her kingdom and her people thank you Dongo central Africa Today part of Northern Angola in a struggle for resources that shapes the world we live in today one woman fights to keep hold of her kingdom Queen and Zinga umbandi skillful strategist Warrior Queen Zynga was a ferocious woman who was a ruler but she was very complicated confronts a formidable enemy Portuguese they want her territory and her people as slaves Portuguese plantations in the new world need a Workforce to produce a new crop changing Mankind's taste sugar humans are drawn to sweetness more than any other flavor today we eat up to half our body weight in Sugar every year [Music] in the Americas and Caribbean the Spanish and Portuguese lay out vast new plantations of sugarcane people have always wanted luxurious food that tastes good and the hunt for luxuries has driven the exploration of the world and the spread of trade networks agriculture on a new industrial scale driving the demand for labor and a new commodity like many African rulers Queen and Zinger has been selling captives and prisoners of War to the Portuguese the Afghan slave trade was a conspiracy unfortunately between avaricious Europeans and African Elites and zingo was a slave trader herself like many of the monarchs in Africa at that time but she sold slaves other Africans captives in war to defend herself against the encroachment of the Portuguese but as the sugar trade expands so does the demand for more African slaves performer trading partners have turned against her they now want her people as slaves in a mountain stronghold she prepares to defend her kingdom and her people against her not just the Portuguese but their new African allies she was up against Warlords who were taking advantage of a market for people they were human traffickers and they were armed with queen and Zinger her sisters princesses mukambu and kofunji hey Google [Music] [Applause] [Applause] foreign [Music] [Applause] ji enslaved [Music] over three centuries European slave Traders will transport 15 million Africans to the new world the majority from central Africa it's one of the most horrendous painful moments in modern human history both for Europeans and for black Africans [Music] [Applause] but Queen Zinga herself escapes for the next 20 years until her death she will fight on negotiate and bargain to keep in Dongo free from Portuguese rule I'm fascinated that there was a woman who was as powerful in the history of Africa as Queen enzinga enormously complicated and enormously brilliant diplomatic figure in African history [Music] 250 years later slavery will be abolished and forever free [Applause] kinds taste for sugar transforms the face and civilization of two continents almost a fifth of the population of the Americas can trace their Roots back to Africa and while a new world economy transforms lives in Africa across the globe in India The Riches of the Americas helped turn its ruler into the wealthiest man on Earth [Applause] build one of the most epic monuments on the planet 16 31. borham poor Fortress Central India [Music] the world's richest man on campaign to consolidate his power Shah Jahan emperor of 100 million people his name means king of the world Shah Jahan was the King of Kings touring the mogul's golden age he expanded the reach of the Empire Shah jahan's wealth is legendary a chronicler describes just one of his treasure houses 750 pounds of pearls 275 pounds of emeralds three silver Thrones a hundred gold and silver chairs one hundred thousand silver plates contributing to this wealth a string of trading ports along India's Coast drawing thousands of European Merchants flush with American silver just opened so many doors for them at long last they had a trading currency they had something that the Asians wanted they could acquire textiles cotton silk spices pepper cinnamon exotic Asian Commodities 100 tons of silver pours into India each year generating millions in taxes paid to one man Shah Jahan a renegade nobleman Khan Jahan Lodi has rebelled and been hunted down now he pays the price [Applause] foreign with the emperor on campaign his favorite wife in labor with their 14th child her name mumtaz Mahal The Jewel of the palace he had many many many wives but she was his first among women his chroniclers praise her as the inspiration behind the throne ah um but her life is in danger blood neither Shah jahan's wealth nor power can save the woman he loves here's this man who has the world in his hand here's the man who has riches that can't be counted and he's lost his beloved he has lost what he cannot hold [Music] in grief Shah Jahan commissions a tomb for his beloved wife hundreds of tons of white marble encrusted with jewels costing the equivalent of 70 million dollars today a lasting Monument to the power of silver the Taj Mahal [Music] global trade and wealth on a vast new scale create some of Mankind's most iconic structures bigger taller will spend the next 350 years building monuments to our economic power and our connected world The Riches of a new world unlocked a new Global Currency launching Pirates across oceans new Commodities new desires and new conflicts transforming every continent on the planet that kind of globalization that we're in now where Bank collapses in Iceland can Ripple across the American Midwest that all begins in the 16th century and it begins with the creation of this universal currency now Pioneers push further into the Open Spaces of the world Adventure discoveries and an age of revolutions that will launch mankind