welcome back everybody you've made it the final lecture of this semester uh i appreciate everybody doing a lot of hard work so without further ado let's get into uh lesson 4c the civil war and the others so the major questions we'll be talking about here um how did women participate in the civil war what impact did the civil war have in indian country and then what was the nature of political opposition in the north and south so basically is a kind of an introduction right the uh the yap textbook provides the broad strokes about the war itself how it was fought the impact it had on the american home front so what i want to focus on in this lecture is on some of the lesser-known stories about the war and how that had an impact on the american population right different genders races etc uh as well as um different non uh different political ideologies that weren't part of the mainstream so first we will move to women right when we talk about the civil war let's talk about women right they served a number of traditional as well as non-traditional roles and the book talks uh extensively about this women serving as battlefield nurses women who worked as spies people like rose greenau working as spies for one side or the other right but there are some women who engaged in the war in even more non-traditional war role than spying and that was women who took up the fight themselves and actually fought in the war so the gender norms at this time prohibited women from serving in combat roles but an estimated uh 400 and up to as high as 750 women fought for both sides during the war most of these women came from struggling farm families and in order to be able to enlist they had to hide their gender one example of a woman who did this was albert cashier in albert cash here you see down here on the bottom cashier was born jenny hodgers in ireland in 1843 um and basically what hodgers did is she disguised herself cut her hair um and then uh created the appearance of uh that she was a man uh and then um enlisted and served uh throughout the war and after the war she continued to live as a man after the war and some historians have speculated that she was actually transgendered right that uh who identified as a man um and so um again a historical example of somebody who was uh possibly transgendered so a lot of women fought in the war um not a large contribution to the point that it would swing the war one way or another but it again it shows that women were um very eager to make a contribution and made significant contributions all across the board right maybe not necessarily on the battlefield but certainly off the battlefield nursing raising money conducting campaign fundraising campaigns to help fund hospitals as well as spying another group we want to talk about today are the indians right so how did the indians participate in uh the civil war well 29 000 indians fought on behalf of the north as well as the south so 29 000 divided between both sides and many tribes were actually divided internally and this basically led to the civil war kind of playing out as an internal civil war inside indian country for example you have the five major tribes um remember who we've talked about in a previous lecture um who lived in indian territory um they actually were at this time fighting against indians who originated on the great plains but had been kicked out of indian territory right so when u.s troops pulled out of indian territory at the beginning of the civil war those displaced plains indian tribes began to launch raids and attacks against the five major tribes of the southeast so it's important to understand again when indian territory was created it wasn't just this vast expanse of unpopulated land there were a bunch of different groups who lived there the osage the otos the iowa indians pawnee etc and a lot of these groups were forcibly removed and displaced further out onto the great plains to make room for uh the five major tribes right to facilitate their removal from the southeast in order to um ex help boost uh the cotton economy so there's a lot of resentment by those plains tribes and then they're going to launch these uh attacks and after the us troops left the confederate army steps in to fill the void so what motivated indians to fight on one side or the other uh well you have uh oh sorry i forgot to show you these tribal boundaries right you have um you know different groups who were displaced uh as a result of the exodus or movement of indians into uh indian territory um so when we talk about the reasons what motivated them one side or the other to fight for the u.s or to fight for the confederacy um there are several motivating factors um many pro-confederate indians supported the confederacy because they supported slavery we had talked about four out of the five major tribes enslaving african americans was an accepted practice and embraced by a lot of uh by a lot of their citizens especially the ones who had kind of assimilated more and uh rejected um and had rejected uh uh the traditional ways uh that had been uh in place for uh thousands of years so um again uh support for slavery not wanting to give up their slaves as a result they would support the seminoles don't really fall into that category of course because the seminoles um had adopted a lot of slaves in in these maroon communities and uh intermarried etc so they weren't necessarily supportive of the slavery aspect um but uh there was also a lot of pro-confederate support uh because of uh the confederacy's emphasis against strong central government right there was this feeling that the u.s government the federal system infringed on tribal sovereignty and had infringed on tribal sovereignty over the years so the confederate government with its emphasis or claimed emphasis on states rights um actually was an appealing thing to many of these tribes in indian territory but that's not to say that all indians in the uh indian territory or across the nation fought for the confederacy there's also a number of pro-union tribes for example those aforementioned plains indian tribes right who were having these resentments and rivalries with the five major tribes of the southeast they tended to be pro-union as well as indians who lived on reservations east of the mississippi river the handful of reservations at that time that remained in the states of michigan minnesota as well as wisconsin and uh indians uh who fought on behalf of the union fought in segregated units really the indians who fought on both sides fought in segregated units kind of like the african-americans who served in the union army serving who served in colored so-called colored units so let's go into some examples here so for the cherokee nation very much pro-confederate uh states of america and um the nation itself initially was divided chief john ross you might recognize him as one of the foremost opponents of removal um back in the 1830s and had written a series of letters to the federal government to try to prevent um their removal was a big um a big advocate of creating a uh you know written constitution and all those things that made the cherokee a prime example of native efforts to assimilate then uh so he was uh in favor of neutrality right he didn't want to necessarily join uh either side in the war he wanted the cherokee nation to remain neutral and then on the right you have stand waiting stan wadey was uh definitely in favor of the uh confederacy and a lot of the cherokee nation itself was also very pro-confederacy and to the point that popular support among the cherokee actually forced ross to eventually give up his support for neutrality and to throw his cast his lot in with the confederacy and stan wadey for his part uh was a famous general served throughout the war and he was actually the last confederate general to surrender because he wasn't uh he didn't finally surrender until two months after robert e lee surrendered at appomattox courthouse there are a lot of pro-union indians as well for example company k one of those segregated units that i had mentioned company k of the first michigan sharpshooters they had a very diverse membership ottawa delaware and huron nations among others and fought with distinction at the battle of petersburg you also have general eli s parker elias parker was a oh boy all right yeah i put these slides out of order so i will come back to that one uh general uh eli s parker uh who was a seneca indian he was part of the uh the iroquois confederacy from the northeast um and uh you kind of see him pointed out in both of these pictures here by the red arrow and parker as was the person who uh he was an aide to general ulysses s grant and it was actually parker who drew up the articles of surrender that robert e lee signed at appomattox courthouse one of the famous story about parker was that upon arriving at the courthouse to surrender robert e lee saw uh eli parker and said i'm glad to see one real american here and then grant of course responded to that saying now we are all americans meaning that because lee was giving up the fight the southern states would now be reincorporated into the the union okay so what is the legacy then of uh the civil war in indian country well first of all the war devastated settlements in indian territory right the fighting the destruction villages were burned people were killed infrastructure and agricultural crops destroyed another thing that's going to play into this are the reconstruction treaties so these reconstruction treaties um basically after the war the u.s forced the five major tribes to seed uh part of their reservations in indian territory and the reason why was to make room for those aforementioned great plains tribes who had been removed not only or who had been displaced by the creation of indian territory but also to make room for more reservations that would eventually accommodate the other great plains indians people like the sioux and the cheyenne uh groups that had uh would be uh put on the reservations and the u.s would be uh at war uh throughout the 1870s in the infamous plains indian wars right and that's going to uh lead to the creation again of all of these new uh areas right the osage the call the ponca kiowa comanche apache uh iowa again all of that land which had formerly belonged to uh the five tribes now their reservations are very much compressed to make room for all these other groups so not only was it controversial to you know strip away a lot of this reservation land which you know the original treaties of removal had included for example the cherokee um had included a the treaty that they signed at nuachota uh included a provision that said uh that the land in indian territory would be theirs as long as the waters run right so obviously that was conditional upon them staying loyal to the united states so siding with the confederacy gave the united states the opportunity to take that land away forced emancipation of slaves after the civil war is also going to create issues of citizenship so um a guy again we have a lot of uh enslaved african-americans who were um living in the southeast with the indians prior to removal of course they were moved along with their uh their uh people with the indians to indian territory right so when these reservations are divided up in later years um during the 1880s um to individually a lot so you have to break up the reservations here and then in the 1880s because the u.s government wanted to start settling indian territory with white people they do something called land allotment which essentially meant breaking up each individual reservation into individual plots of land giving each indian a plot of land for themselves and then selling everything that was left to white citizens so this is going to be controversial because what is the status of people who were descended from enslaved african americans or eventually freed men who were freed as a result of the civil war um were these former slaves of indian tribes friedman were they citizens or not right and the u.s government is going to try to dictate tribal membership right as a way to try to help out these freedmen to give them something they demanded in many cases that the the enlistment roles or the citizenship roles of the five major tribes and the other tribes include african americans among them right so this creates this um you know this debate about is it racial justice to force um native nations to recognize citizenship of african americans or is this an infringement upon tribal sovereignty and that's going to be a long-standing debate uh in indian jurisprudence in the years to come okay so now we come to other conflicts among those the great sioux uprising which lasted from august through september of 1862. so a little bit of background to this um there was a reservation in minnesota uh where the dakota indians live the dakota indians you have three different groups of indians who are referred to broadly as the sioux you have the dakota the lakota and the nakota right so those three groups of those three groups the dakota had a reservation in minnesota uh in this reservation um what you see uh here in this image was under siege from the state of minnesota since minnesota was granted statehood in 1858 and when the civil war started the u.s because it had other things on its plate couldn't enforce the treaty that it had signed with the dakota to create and protect this reservation and the u.s also couldn't afford to pay the annuities that they had promised to the indians as a result of them seeding their lands in other parts of minnesota so basically what happened is this leads to a lot of famine it leads to crop failures right and a lot of starvation among the dakota people so eventually this is going to lead to an outbreak of violence um a u.s indian agent at the local indian agency on the reservation refused to sell that a coat of food because they had no money they then went to a local merchant a man named andrew myrick and tried to buy um food off of him and myrick infamously told them that they could either eat grass or their own dung in order to survive that he wasn't going to give them food if they didn't have money so on august 17th a number of dakota attacked white the white settlers who lived in this area and then they sent out war parties to keep up the pressure on the local population of white citizens they attacked the indian agency uh they killed the indian agent uh and they also killed andrew myrick and stuffed grass into his mouth again as kind of a sign that they had understood what he had told them about eating grass and then fed it back to him after they killed him so once this outbreak happened the u.s government deployed the minnesota state militia to try to suppress this rebellion eventually 303 uh dakota indians were taken prisoner and they were sentenced to death for murder as well as rape the indians who were accused and arrested were not provided with lawyers which in many cases led to sort of a kangaroo court where the accused would receive nothing more than a five-minute trial no rebuttal witnesses nobody to kind of advocate on their behalf eventually president lincoln reviewed all these convictions and commuted the sentences of 264 out of the 303 who had been taken prisoner and sentenced to death so what was the aftermath of the great sioux uprising of 1862 well for the u.s 77 soldiers were killed trying to pacify the rebellion as well as between 450 and 800 white civilians for the part of the dakota there were 150 dead and then 38 were executed in a mass public hanging image of which you see right here the ones who were left after that uh were interned right they were basically imprisoned um behind barbed wire throughout that winter um one-third of those indians who were put in this internment camp eventually died of disease um and then the following spring the rest of these dakota uh were forcibly removed from minnesota onto the great plains right so and that's how the dakota sioux wound up coming to uh live on the great plains and you kind of see the area that they settled in on fort thompson right and then they would eventually participate in the plains indian wars that broke out after the civil war so the next group we want to talk about uh or the next incident we want to talk about uh is uh became known as the long walk of the navajo so in 1861 the confederate armies invaded southern new mexico in the u.s in order to get the navajo indians uh out of the way confined all of the navajo to the four corners region uh four corners region refers to the common border shared by utah arizona new mexico as well as colorado so all of the navajo who lived throughout arizona were rounded up into this four corners region for uh their protection right the u.s soldiers uh do this to protect them from as they claim from confederate armies but really to prevent them from being uh brought into uh the war effort on behalf of the confederacy and the desire was also to stop their raids on white settlers right because at this time as more and more white settlers came into the area the navajos started raiding uh sometimes aggressively sometimes in retaliation for white raids against their settlements but by the spring of 1864 the united states decided to remove the navajo again and they forced them to walk from this four corners region to a place called basque redondo uh in located in present-day northern uh new mexico you kind of see uh bosque redondo here kind of in the northern central northern eastern part of uh new mexico um when they arrived there or by the time they arrived 200 had died on this 300 mile walk and 9 000 navajo eventually settled at bosque redondo however there was a problem there the water in this area was brackish meaning it was had a high salt contents it was a mix of salt water and fresh water and when they tried to grow corn and other crops what irrigating their fields with this brackish water led to crop failures famine and then they were victimized by monsoon rains throughout the spring and summer they were also victimized by raids that were launched by comanche as well as apache warriors who lived in the more remote areas of the west and the government u.s government found it very expensive to feed the navajo so as a result of this and the crop failures the government finally relented and agreed to let them return to their old territory in the four corners region so not only did they have to walk 300 miles to the east to get the boss redondo now they have to walk 300 miles back to get back to where their present day navajo reservation is in the four corners region so the pre-removal uh population of the navajo was 25 000 um and it's important to understand that by the time they returned to their own homeland uh the navajo population on that reservation had been reduced to 2 000 people of reproductive age meaning 2 000 people who were of age to be able to bear children right so this caused a massive demographic collapse really in terms of death and mortality even more notorious than uh the cherokee trail of tears and finally we come to the political others who i had mentioned before and there are a number of different political quote-unquote others people who do not fit into the mainstream of american politics at this time for example you have southern unionists we already talked about southern democrats who for the most part universally supported slavery and certainly all of these three guys pictured here vice president andrew johnson texas governor sam houston in the middle as well as general winfield scott on the right all three of those guys were slave owners and supported slavery but they were against secession right so they were among the group of southerners who broke away from who did not support secession and actually wound up staying loyal to the united states and throughout the course of the war one hundred thousand southern whites actually served in america for the union army fighting on behalf of the union this was especially uh popular in appalachia all right so if you look through appalachia right the appalachian mountains which run uh really from off screen here in uh you know the ohio pennsylvania border down through west virginia right western north carolina western virginia all the way down here into the northern part right of uh the deep south so there is considerable opposition to secession throughout the appalachian up country for reasons that we have already discussed and that is represented there by those purple areas right the um relatively people who are relatively against uh secession and a prime example of this was virginia's secession from the state of virginia in 1863. so during uh the state of virginia's secession convention in 1861 when the state of virginia was voting on whether or not to support the union or to leave 30 of 47 delegates from the western counties of virginia voted against secession and a lot of this support or opposition to secession coincided with slave ownership right which is what you kind of see represented here you have the present day state of western virginia or of virginia it kind of comes down like this and then you have these areas here again a much lower concentration of the enslaved population so the eventual state of virginia held three secession conventions in wheeling virginia at the time from may through august of 1861 then they held an election on october 24 1861 where 18 000 uh virginians voted to secede uh versus 781 people who voted against the western counties of virginia seceding from the state the state of west virginia ratified a new constitution a state constitution in april of 1862 and west virginia was admitted as the 24th union state in june of 1863. another group of southern unionists could be found down in the free state of jones which existed from 1863 through 1864. now jones county virginia which you see on the screen here elected an anti-secession delegate uh to represent them at mississippi's secession convention in january of 1861. uh and he went to that convention with every intention of voting against mississippi seceding from uh the union however under pressure from other people he eventually voted in favor of secession and this led to a lot of feelings of betrayal by people in jones county so enter newton knight right the guy pictured on the left uh the subject of a hollywood movie uh some years ago about the free state of jones depicted in the movie by matthew mcconaughey so newton knight fought for the confederate army but him and some other men from jones county eventually deserted due to deteriorating conditions at home for their wives as well as children the women found it hard to maintain their farms because a lot of the people who had been enslaved in local pop plantations that fled or escaped um and then of course uh poor white farmers uh who were working the land um you know found it hard um on their own much less without the beneficence of paternalistic slave owners lending them slaves and their wives found it hard to operate these plantations without their husbands at home and a lot of these jones county men also resented the military exemptions the confederate government gave to slave owners who owned over 20 slaves um so these uh deserters band together right um and they are led by newton knight um night was eventually a lot of uh effort was expended on the part of the federal or the uh confederate government to arrest these uh deserters um and so they raised this guerrilla ban band banded with escaped slaves and hid in the swamps and they would use these guerrilla tactics against confederate armies or against confederate soldiers raiding confederate supply lines as their armies moved throughout um throughout mississippi um and that is kind of what put a target on their back for the confederal government for the confederate government who sent uh you know large military forces to try to capture them and then a knight was eventually jailed and tortured for desertion his family farm was burned to the ground eventually these jones county rebels overthrew the county government and then seceded from the confederate states of america and seceded from the state of mississippi in march of 1864. so um and then knight for himself after his initial torture and capture he was never captured again he managed to evade capture for the remainder of the war and he and many of these other jones county rebels joined the republican party after the war and participated in reconstruction in the state of mississippi the final group we want to talk about are the copperheads copperheads were northern democrats who opposed the civil war and wanted the u.s to make peace with the confederate states of america they were opposed to the draft and they also encouraged americans to desert from the the union army and as a result of this they were accused of trying to deliberately weaken the war effort they were very vocal opponents not only to lincoln but also his wartime policies so in reaction to not only the copperheads but other groups of political dissenters lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus and basically what this did is this gave us military officials the authority to silence to arrest and detain anti-war dissenters indefinitely without cause so in the supreme court case and here you see a couple of cartoons that were depicting lincoln negatively in the press for what people accused as an abuse of power and eventually the supreme court weighed in in the case of ex parte merriman our old friend chief justice roger tawney predictably ruled that it was unconstitutional for lincoln to suspend the writs of habeas corpus lincoln for his part ignored tani's ruling citing article 1 section 9 of the constitution which allowed for the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus when and i quote in the case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it end quote so again this is tawny superseding what the rules what the the mandates of the constitution said uh and actually um importing uh law kind of twisting it to his own um possibilities or his own desires and lincoln a constitutional scholar himself and a lawyer essentially lawyered him by dropping article 1 section 9 on him and then continued through the with the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus throughout the war until the end of the war so a couple of examples of famous uh copperheads um one person was uh representative clement velaningham who was an anti-war northern democrat from the state of ohio accused lincoln of starting the civil war in order to free the slaves um was eventually arrested for sympathizing with the enemy uh lincoln for his part commuted his uh sentence and then banished valaningham to uh to the confederacy and the laningham eventually made his way back to ohio after the war was over there were also a number of failed conspiracies that had been launched by the copperheads there was a foiled plot of copperheads to release confederate prisoners of war who were being held in a prisoner of war camp in the state of illinois they also had tried to hatch several plots to take over the state governments of indiana and illinois as well as pro-union border states of kentucky as well as missouri hoping to flip all of those states over to um pro-confederate control but those plots were all thwarted and essentially what brought about the military demise of the copperheads was military union military successes in 1863 as well as 1864. with the u.s victory at gettysburg and vicksburg as well as sherman's march to sea the capture of atlanta and then a number of military setbacks for the confederacy this tended to discredit copperheads people rallied behind lincoln during the 1864 election and re-elected him with a lot of popular support and all of those kind of things are going to combine to lead to the collapse and demise of the copyrights that's all for this lecture thanks again for all your patience and hard work this semester and best of luck in your future endeavors and be sure to hit me up with any questions thanks again