Overview
This lecture introduces the concept of paradigms in sociology, explaining how different theoretical models shape the way sociologists interpret society and its structures at both macro and micro levels.
What is a Paradigm?
- A paradigm is a model or set of concepts that frames how a subject is understood.
- In sociology, theoretical paradigms are foundational assumptions guiding how sociologists interpret social facts and questions.
- Raw facts require interpretation based on paradigms to become meaningful.
Macro vs. Micro Perspectives
- Macro orientation examines large-scale social structures and patterns, e.g., transitions in economic systems or social inequalities.
- Micro orientation focuses on small-scale interactions between individuals, e.g., doctor-patient communication.
- Macro and micro perspectives are interconnected, as micro-level interactions can influence macro structures and vice versa.
The Three Major Sociological Paradigms
Structural Functionalism
- Views society as a complex system whose parts work together for stability and order.
- Social structures are stable patterns of behavior with specific social functions.
- Functions can be manifest (intended/obvious) or latent (unintended/hidden).
- Social dysfunction occurs when patterns disrupt society’s smooth operation.
- Structural functionalism struggles to explain social change and may justify harmful structures.
Conflict Theory
- Sees society as composed of competing groups fighting over scarce resources.
- Change is constant and driven by social conflicts, such as class struggles (Marx), race conflicts (DuBois), and gender conflicts.
- Highlights inequalities and power dynamics within society.
Symbolic Interactionism
- Focuses on day-to-day interactions and the meanings individuals assign to them.
- Society is seen as the product of these shared meanings and interpretations.
- There is no absolute truth; reality is constructed through social agreement (e.g., gestures, objects).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Paradigm — a model or framework guiding perspectives and research.
- Macro orientation — focus on large-scale social phenomena.
- Micro orientation — focus on individual or small group interactions.
- Structural functionalism — paradigm viewing society as a system with interdependent parts.
- Social structure — stable patterns governing behavior in society.
- Manifest function — intended and recognized consequences of a social structure.
- Latent function — unintended or hidden consequences.
- Social dysfunction — patterns that disrupt social stability.
- Conflict theory — paradigm focusing on power struggles between groups.
- Symbolic interactionism — paradigm emphasizing shared meanings and daily interactions.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Prepare for next week’s lesson on applying sociological paradigms to research.