EOC Biology Exam Review - North Carolina

Introduction

• Full course review for Biology EOC in North Carolina.
• May be useful for students in other states.
• Check state standards and teacher guidance.
• Video may not follow the order of the biology curriculum.

Macromolecules (Biomolecules)

• Categories: Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids: Store genetic information (RNA/DNA)
  • Proteins: Structure, signals, antibodies, enzymes
  • Carbohydrates: Provide quick energy
  • Lipids: Cell membranes, long-term energy, signaling
• Monomers: Nucleotides (nucleic acids), Amino acids (proteins), Monosaccharides (carbohydrates), Fatty acids (lipids)
• Elements: CHONPS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur)
  • Mnemonic: CHOPSN

Enzymes

• Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)
• Examples: Ligase, Helicase, Polymerase
• Features: Reusable, specific to substrates
• Affected by temperature and pH.
  • Can denature if environmental conditions are unsuitable.

Cell Structure

• All cells have a membrane, contain DNA, have cytoplasm.
• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
  • Prokaryotic: Simple, no membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic: Complex, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus.
• Organelles:
  • Vacuole: Stores nutrients, maintains structure
  • Lysosome: Breaks down waste
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages proteins
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transports molecules (Rough ER has ribosomes)
  • Ribosomes: Produce proteins
  • Cell Wall: Found in plants and some bacteria
  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance inside cell
  • Chloroplast: Photosynthesis in plants
  • Mitochondria: Energy production

DNA and Protein Synthesis

• DNA found in nucleus (eukaryotes) or nucleoid (prokaryotes)
• Structure: Nucleotides (Phosphate, Sugar, Base)
• Central Dogma: DNA -> mRNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)
• Process:
  • Transcription: DNA to mRNA in nucleus
  • Translation: mRNA to protein in ribosome

Cell Cycle and Division

• Cell Cycle Phases: Interphase (G1, S, G2), M Phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)
• DNA Replication: Semiconservative, occurs in S phase
• Mitosis Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Meiosis: Produces haploid cells for reproduction

Transport Across Cell Membrane

• Types:
  • Diffusion: High to low concentration
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Requires transport proteins
  • Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) for low to high
• Osmosis: Movement of water across membrane

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis: Converts light energy to chemical energy (glucose)
  • Occurs in chloroplasts
  • Formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Cellular Respiration: Converts glucose to ATP
  • Occurs in mitochondria
  • Aerobic vs. Anaerobic (fermentation)

Biogeochemical Cycles

• Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis and respiration cycles
• Nitrogen Cycle: Conversion of nitrogen by bacteria for plant use

Ecology

• Food Chains and Trophic Levels: Energy transfer and loss as heat
• Ecosystem Dynamics: Carrying capacity, environmental changes
• Human Impact: Resource use, pollution, global warming

Genetics

• Mendelian Genetics: Dominant vs. recessive alleles, Punnett squares
• Non-Mendelian Genetics:
  • Codominance, Incomplete dominance, Polygenic traits
• Chromosomal Variations: Meiosis errors, karyotyping

Evolution

• Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest, adaptation
• Evidence of Evolution: Fossils, DNA, embryology

Domains and Classification

• Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
• Levels of Classification: Genus, species, etc.
• Scientific Naming: Binomial nomenclature (Genus species)

Biotechnology and Ethics

• Use of organisms for products and agriculture.
• Ethical considerations in genetic engineering.