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Delta Ratio in Acid-Base Disorders

Jun 28, 2025

Overview

This lecture explains the delta ratio and its use in diagnosing complex acid-base disorders, including mixed and triple metabolic disturbances using arterial blood gases (ABGs).

Relationship Between Pathologic Acids and Bicarbonate

  • The body maintains electrical neutrality during elevated anion gap acidosis by removing bicarbonate to buffer added pathologic acids.
  • There is an expected 1:1 ratio between increased anion gap and decreased bicarbonate, though in reality, some acids are buffered by bone and cells.

Calculating Delta Ratio and Delta Gap

  • The delta ratio compares the increase in anion gap to the decrease in bicarbonate.
  • Formula: Delta ratio = (Measured anion gap – Normal anion gap) ÷ (Normal bicarb – Measured bicarb).
  • Typical normal values: anion gap = 12 mEq/L, bicarb = 24 mEq/L.
  • Delta ratio varies by etiology: Lactic acidosis (1.0–2.0), ketoacidosis (0.8–1.2).
  • Delta gap = (Measured anion gap – Normal anion gap) – (Normal bicarb – Measured bicarb).
  • If only elevated gap acidosis, delta gap should be 0 ± 6 mEq/L; delta anion gap + measured bicarb should be 24 ± 6.

Interpreting Delta Ratio in Mixed Disorders

  • Delta ratio < expected: Both elevated gap acidosis and normal gap acidosis are present.
  • Delta ratio within expected: Isolated elevated gap acidosis.
  • Delta ratio > expected: Elevated gap acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.
  • Delta ratio/Delta gap only reflect metabolic (not respiratory) disorders.

Limitations of Delta Ratio and Gap

  • Extracellular, bone, and intracellular buffering invalidate the one-to-one assumption, especially in lactic acidosis.
  • Delta gap can overdiagnose alkalosis and underdiagnose normal gap acidosis; delta ratio is preferred.

Clinical Examples

  • Example 1: Delta ratio 0.8 (lactic acidosis + normal gap acidosis).
  • Example 2: Delta ratio 1.5 (ketoacidosis + metabolic alkalosis).
  • Example 3: Delta ratio 5 (triple disorder: respiratory acidosis, elevated gap metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis).

Key Terms & Definitions

  • Anion Gap — Difference between measured cations and anions in serum; reflects unmeasured anions.
  • Delta Ratio — (Measured anion gap – Normal anion gap) ÷ (Normal bicarb – Measured bicarb); helps identify mixed metabolic disorders.
  • Delta Gap — (Measured anion gap – Normal anion gap) – (Normal bicarb – Measured bicarb); alternative (less accurate) method for finding mixed disorders.
  • Elevated Gap Metabolic Acidosis — Acidosis with increased anion gap due to unmeasured acids.
  • Metabolic Alkalosis — Excess bicarbonate or loss of acid, resulting in high blood pH.

Action Items / Next Steps

  • Practice calculating delta ratio and delta gap from ABG and chemistry panels.
  • Review the expected delta ratio ranges for different metabolic acidosis etiologies.
  • Prepare for the next lecture on diagnosing mixed acid-base disorders when pH is normal.