AP World History: Developments in East Asia (1200-1450)

Introduction to the Song Dynasty

• Time Period: 1200-1450
• Major Power: China, specifically the Song Dynasty
• Focus: How the Song Dynasty maintained and justified its power

Maintaining and Justifying Power

1. Revival of Confucianism

• Confucianism: The official philosophy since the Han Dynasty (200 BCE)
• Social Hierarchy: Society composed of unequal relationships (e.g., fathers > sons, rulers > subjects)
• Filial Piety: Honoring ancestors and parents to promote loyalty to the Emperor
• Neo-Confucianism: Revival and adaptation of Confucianism during the Song, incorporating Buddhist and Taoist ideas
  • Shows Continuity and Innovation: Maintained historical continuity and adapted to contemporary needs

2. Imperial Bureaucracy

• Role: Carried out the Emperor's will across vast China
• Civil Service Examination: Based on Confucian classics
  • Merit-Based Jobs: Ensured bureaucracy was staffed with qualified members
  • Increased Efficiency: Competent officials maintained Song rule effectively

Cultural Influence on Neighboring States

Korea

• Tributary Relationship: Maintained political independence by acknowledging Chinese superiority
• Cultural Adoption: Civil service exams, Confucian principles, marginalization of women (mostly among elites)

Japan

• Voluntary Adoption: Cultural traits adopted without threat of invasion
• Cultural Overhaul: Influenced by Chinese bureaucracy and Buddhism
• Selective Borrowing: Adopted useful aspects, discarded others

Vietnam

• Tributary System: Similar to Korea, maintained independence while acknowledging Chinese power
• Cultural Adoption: Confucianism, Buddhism, literary techniques, civil service exams
• Higher Status of Women: Many female deities, no foot binding

Buddhism in China

• Origin: Spread from South Asia
• Core Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path
• Branches:
  • Theravada Buddhism: Emphasis on monkhood and cycle of birth/death (Sri Lanka)
  • Mahayana Buddhism: Teachings accessible to all, compassion, Buddha as deity
  • Tibetan Buddhism: Mystical practices, deity visualization
• Chan Buddhism: Distinct Chinese version

Song Economy

Factors of Prosperity

1. Commercialization

   • Paper Money: Use of credit and promissory notes

2. Iron and Steel Production

   • Manufacturing Boom: Armor, coins, tools

3. Agricultural Innovations

   • Champa Rice: Drought resistant, double harvest
   • Population Growth: More food led to more people

4. Transportation Innovations

   • Grand Canal Expansion: Linked major rivers, reduced trade costs
   • Navigation Improvements: Magnetic compass, improved ship designs

Conclusion

• Overall Impact: The Song Dynasty's efforts in administration, cultural influence, economic growth, and technological innovations significantly shaped the development of East Asia during this period.