Learning and Brain Changes

Understanding Learning

• Learning isn't just about studying; it involves changes in the brain.
• Key Concept: The brain doesn't grow new cells to store memories; instead, it strengthens connections between neurons.

Synaptic Plasticity

• Definition: The ability of synapses (the junctions between neurons) to change their strength.
• Example: Long-term potentiation (LTP), which is a process that strengthens synaptic connections.

Neurons and Synaptic Communication

• Neurons use electrochemical signals (electricity + chemicals) to communicate.
• Two types of neurons at a synapse:
  • Pre-synaptic neuron: Sends signals leading up to the synapse.
  • Post-synaptic neuron: Receives the signal after the synapse.

Process of Synaptic Communication

1. Stimulation: Pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters (chemical signals).
2. Binding: Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.
3. Ion Flow: Channels open allowing ions (such as sodium and calcium) to flow into the post-synaptic neuron.
4. Potential Change: The flow of ions changes the electrical charge difference (potential) across the neuron membrane.

Measuring Synapse Strength

• Synapse strength is measured by the change in the post-synaptic neuron's potential due to pre-synaptic stimulation.
• With repeated stimulation, synapses become more efficient, leading to greater post-synaptic potential.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

• Mechanism: After repeated practice, the pre-synaptic neuron improves at sending signals to the post-synaptic neuron, increasing synapse strength.
• Duration: Strengthened synapses can last from minutes to months.
• Significance: LTP is believed to be the physiological basis for learning and memory retention.

Conclusion

• Strengthened synapses allow for easier recall of experiences, highlighting the importance of synaptic plasticity in learning.