hello everybody so this video is going to be on female repro and we're going to try something a little different with this one unfortunately this particular model can be a little cumbersome and difficult to get a good picture of when on a camera the lighting's not that great so we're going to do something similar to what we did in the spinal cord where we use a pre-existing image of the model and just kind of draw on it for you hopefully this goes well and hopefully you guys like it uh if not you know you can always contact the tas let us know if it becomes like an issue we can always try again to record the model itself but i have a feeling this is actually going to go fairly well okay so um female repro in general can be a little uh complicated it's a little more complex than than male repro is um but i find that if you stay organized it's really not that bad so what i do is i just move front to back and as i'm moving front to back if i hit anything that's kind of like interesting i work my way up okay so the first thing that we need to do here is figure out orientation this is a mid-sagittal cut which means it's a cut right down the midline so we're looking at one half of the body from the midline okay this would be anterior this way that would be anterior and this would be posterior and there's a few ways that i can tell that um if i look at some of these structures like this blue piece right here if you've watched the anomaly bone video this is the pubic symphysis and we know that the pubis or the pubic bone on the innominate bone is very anterior so that is one way that you could tell that and then as we move through some of this um we'll be identifying structures such as the bladder so this is the urinary bladder and that also points forward so that was another way that i knew that that's anterior and then if you're just familiar with basic female anatomy you know that the genitals are more anterior than the rectum and the anus okay so that's another way to tell what is anterior and what is posterior okay so i'm going to start at the front and just kind of work my way to the back all right so this area right here of adipose tissue which we know just means fat this sits right on top of the pubic bone this is known as the mons pubis m-o-n-s mons pubis okay and that's just a layer of fat tissue that lies on top of the pubic bone so it's very superficial with respect to the rest of the structures that we're going to be go that we're going to be going over um i just said that this blue area right here is known as the pubic symphysis again if you haven't watched the anomaly bone video that's not going to really make any sense but this is where the two innominate bones or your hip bones come together anteriorly that's known as pubic symphysis okay so we're going to work our way back a little bit further and we're going to come to a an area collectively known as the vulva okay so this whole area is known as the vulva and something that i think is important um an important takeaway from this video is understanding the difference between the vulva and the vagina so a lot of us just think um kind of like in layman's terms um that this external structure would be known as the vagina but as you guys will see um in this video the vagina is an internal structure it's not something that can really be seen from the outside so the vagina is internal what we see as external genitalia can be collectively called the vulva okay so that's gonna comprise or be comprised of some of the structures that we're gonna go over right now okay so this whole area is known as the vulva um the first thing that we see here is this little purple piece on the model um that would be the glans clitoris okay the glans clitoris and the glass clitoris first of all it's not purple just so you know also this is not the full uh shape this is not the full structure that you can see here this is only a small part of it but an important thing to remember about this is that it's going to be homologous to the gland's penis in the male okay so a homologous structure means that it's coming from the same tissue and embryonic development it serves a similar purpose it's just different from the male between the male and the female so in the male this this tissue that's dedicated to this function is known as the gland's penis and then in the female it is the glans clitoris and that was this purple thing right here kind of looks like a boomerang okay if we move further back we're gonna see two layers of tissue here one that's a little more outer and then one that's a little more inner right there so the outer layer of tissue is known as the labia majora in the labia majora and that's going to be an area where we have some pubic hair growth so it can start up as high as the mons pubis and just kind of come down and um occur in the labia major as well that would be like the outer fold of skin that you can see on the vulva and then the inner fold of skin um that tends to be more mucosal is going to be the labia minora so that is the one that it still has this little squiggly line on it right there that would be the labia minora okay so this is the inner fold of skin of the vulva okay now this is only half of the body so we can only see one labia majora one labia minora but there is obviously going to be another half and we if we can imagine it would be kind of like this right and then there's this space in between the two labia minor right here um known as the genital vestibule okay vestibule okay so that is the genital vestibule or sometimes it's known as the urogenital vestibule as well because you'll see we'll have some structures associated with the urinary system in this area as well okay so you can call it the vestibule the genital vestibule or the urogenital vestibule any of those would be correct okay that's that area between the two labia minora right now we're going to hit our first very important structure right here so there's this opening that's going to move up into the body and this would be known as the external urethral orifice okay external urethral orifice external because it's going to be closer to the external environment okay urethral this should look kind of familiar if you're familiar with some of the structures in this area at all if you know what the urethra is so urethral is coming from urethra and orifice just means like an opening or a hole okay so external urethral orifice okay then as we move past that we're going to hit this band of muscle right here that goes across just after that external urethral orifice known as the urogenital diaphragm okay the euro genital diaphragm and it's the same band that continues all the way back here as well okay so the eurogenital diaphragm okay now as we're moving up past that eurogenital diaphragm we're in a structure known as the urethra okay so the urethra is what's going to um transmit urine from the bladder to the external environment right that's the tube that it needs to travel through okay so this is the urethra here um you'll notice if you've already watched the male repro video that the female reap the female urethra by comparison is extremely short um if you look at the male urethra we know it's very long it has all those different parts to it but with the female urethra is very short and so this is going to be a contributing factor to not only why females are more prone to urinary tract infections but really why it's it's much easier for females to develop a more aggressive infection um so it's very easy to get an infection because of proximity reasons so if you look um things like the vagina and the anus are here and we're gonna have some good but also some bad bacteria hanging out in these areas and because of just proximity so because these things are so close to each other it's very easy for bacteria to kind of travel from these areas into the urinary system here okay so that's a proximity issue that we have there but then if you'll notice females do end up getting these urinary tract infections they can progress more rapidly and become more aggressive and that's because the bacteria doesn't have to travel as far and it can get up into the bladder and enter into the ureters and get up into the kidneys fairly quickly in comparison to males and that's also why females tend to be more symptomatic than males as well so this would just be the urethra here and if we follow that up to the bladder which is this whole structure right here that's the bladder the urinary bladder in order to get inside the bladder we do have to pass through a little hole right here at the end of the urethra known as the internal urethral orifice okay so that would be the internal urethral orifice and we call that the internal one because it's closer to the internal environment whereas the external down here was closer to the external environment okay a couple things to know on the urinary bladder inside of the bladder you'll see these kind of like they look like honeycomb structures to me or maybe like some nooks and crannies that are on um like english muffins so you're going to see these folds and these folds are known as rugay okay rugay and it's the same type of i it's the same idea as like the ruge in the stomach so those folds in the stomach and you're going to see ruge present really in these organs that need to expand so something like my stomach has to undergo a lot of expansion especially when i'm having a bad day um or i'm gonna go get chipotle like i'm gonna do after this this video so um your stomach has ruggeds to allow it to expand um and then the same thing goes for the bladder here so we have all these extra folds in here that allows the bladder to expand when it's filling with urine okay so um one important distinction between those ruge though is depending on where they uh are located they can have a different like first name so in the stomach we call those gastric rugae um because they're in the stomach and then in the bladder we call them urinary rugae a urinary rugae because we're in the bladder right we're dealing with urine okay so those would be the urinary bru gate inside of the bladder the other important thing to kind of take away from the bladder is this uh muscle that is surrounding the bladder is known as the detrucer muscle okay the detrucer muscle that is the muscle surrounding the urinary bladder okay that's going to complete the urinary system at least for now one other important part that you can see that is associated with the urinary system would be this guy right back here okay and that's going to be the one of the ureters okay um if you watch the kidney video then you know that the ureter travels down from the kidney um transmitting urine down to the bladder and then from the bladder we go through the urethra and then out into the external environment so we have two ureters one urethra keep that in mind all right so let's continue to move back right we went all the way up here let's continue to move back we're moving posteriorly okay so the next structure you're going to get to is going to be the external vaginal orifice okay so the external vaginal orifice is this hole between what we'll see is known as the vagina or the vaginal canal and the external environment so this right here this hole would be the external vaginal orifice then from there we can travel up into this structure looks kind of jagged on both sides that would be the vagina okay so this structure is the vagina now you can see it's really an internal structure um none of this external genitalia can really be equated with that so you can't really use that term okay so that's just an important distinction i think to take away from this course okay it's the difference between the vulva and the vagina so if we travel up the vagina back okay we're gonna hit this structure right here which is known as the cervix see the cervix okay now the cervix is like the first part kind of like the gateway to the uterus right here so it's this tissue like right there okay and where the cervix meets the vagina we have some spaces okay so there are some spaces here um there's one that goes to the front here one that goes to the back and then there's two one on each side okay and these are known individually as a fornix and collectively they are known as fornices okay so this one is plural form disease is plural okay and we have a total of four of those four fornices okay and they're just named for where they are in orientation so you see how this little hook right here that little hook in space that would be the anterior fornix and that is the anterior fornix and then we have this hook that kind of goes back a little bit okay that would be the posterior fornix okay the anterior fornix and the posterior fornix okay the two lateral fornices cannot be seen on this cut we'd actually have to go to a coronal cut to see those so i can do that at the end of the video or if you consult your power points there's one in there as well okay so there are a total of four furnaces but on this particular model all we can see is the anterior fornix which would be right here and the posterior fornix which would be right here okay all right so we're moving up to where the cervix is and now we're going to head inside of the cervix okay so this right here again was the cervix okay and we're going to go inside of the cervix where this little kind of passageway is okay in order to get into the cervix we have to go through a little hole right here known as the external oz okay the external oz external oz like that okay you can see on the model how it's kind of like a little smooth out here and then it gets really jagged and then it's smooth again okay does everybody see that we have a point here and a point here and then i'll actually make it a different color for you guys so then in blue we have this little jagged area right there okay so we said that the first white dot was the external oz the blue is actually going to be the cervical canal okay the cervical canal it's a canal that goes through the cervix okay so that's the cervical canal and then that second white dot this one right in here that would be the internal oz okay the internal oz so we had an external oz that was closer to the external environment now we have an internal oz that's closer to the internal environment and those are separated again by that cervical canal that runs through the cervix all right all right so once we go past that internal oz we are now in the uterine cavity okay so we're inside of the uterus so we have the cervix here this whole thing right here would be the uterus okay so if you did not know this only females have a uterus and the uterus is positioned more anterior or more anterior so it it kind of like folds over toward the front and this is why when women are pregnant which means that they have a child in their uterus when they're pregnant a lot of times they have to go to the bathroom that's because they have a baby sitting on right on top of their bladder okay so be nice to pregnant ladies right it's not easy i'm assuming i wouldn't know so now that we're up in the uterus we do need to go over a few kind of like accessory structures that hang out with the uterus so i'm going to go to a different vu here for you guys all right so this view is a little more anterior so we can see the the back structures there a little bit better some of the more lateral structures away from the uterus okay so let me just go ahead and get my pen here okay so the first structure that i would like to identify is going to be this thing right back here this yellow thing um this little almond shape structure is known as an ovary okay an ovary and we know the ovaries job is to release an egg right every month okay so that's the ovary back there and then the ovary is connected and i'm putting connected in quotes because it's not truly a connection but the ovary is connected to the uterus via this structure right here which is known as the fallopian tube okay the fallopian tube okay and just keep this in mind and i keep telling you guys female repro is a little more um complex than male you're going to have a lot of structures that have different parts and a lot of structures that have multiple names and the fallopian tube is one of those things okay so the fallopian tube has four parts and it's going to have three names okay the first name would be fallopian tube the second name would be uterine tube and then finally the last thing that you can really call that would be the ovi duct okay the oviduct so we have fallopian tube uterine tube or oviduct that would be this structure right here okay the fallopian tube also like i said has multiple parts it's going to have four parts in total let me just get rid of some of this so we have some space all right so the four parts of the fallopian tube are listed in your power points but let's identify them on the model as well okay so you can kind of see we're going to move from the ovary toward the uterus and i'm going to number these for you so we're going to go [Music] one two three four just like that okay so number one would be the closest to the ovary and that's going to be the fembrier by the way if i spell something wrong please don't troll me i'm a terrible speller and these words are hard to spell okay so that's fimbriae and the fimbry if we look at the model it kind of looks like little fingers or like a little feather duster sitting on top of the ovary and i joke sometimes because the function of the fembriere is to basically just hang out near the ovary and just do jazz hands constantly okay and that's because when an egg is released from the ovary the fallopian tube is not connected there's some space between the ovary and the fallopian tube so that means that in this kind of aqueous environment the ovum or the egg could kind of get lost but what happens is these fembriere they beat right they flutter they do jazz hands they create almost like a little current that pulls the egg into the fallopian tube okay so when the egg is released like that the fimbriae they vibrate they flutter and it pulls the egg up towards the fallopian tube that's their job okay so that's the fembriae that's the part that's closest to the ovary okay the next part number two is known as the in fundibulum infundibulum okay infundibulum is a term you might have heard in some of the other blocks there are some structures or there's a structure in the heart that you can refer to as an infundibulum and that would be the conus arteriosus there's also a structure in the brain the pituitary stalk can be referred to as an infundibulum but amphibian just means a funnel-like structure so if it starts off being kind of wide and gets kind of not so wide like this then it can be kind of referred to as an infundibulum okay so something that's like cone shaped or funnel shaped okay so we're just funneling that egg further into the fallopian tube at this point number three very important so i'm going to put a star next to it is known as the ampulla okay the ampulla and the ampule of the fallopian tube is important um because it is where most fertilizations take place okay i'll say that again the ampulla of the fallopian tube is where most fertilizations take place so when i say fertilization i mean that means the sperm penetrating the egg that's fertilization okay so most of the time that happens in the ampulla here so this dilation right that's what the term ampulla means a dilation so in this dilation in the in the fallopian tube this is where fertilization typically occurs okay um this is why um there is even a possibility for something known as an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube because often a fertilization is taking place in the fallopian tube so if that fertilized egg then implants somewhere in the fallopian tube and doesn't make it all the way to the uterus you have what's known as an ectopic ectopic pregnancy okay now number four is going to be kind of like this whole like long tube right here this is known as the is the miss is miss okay it's not an easy word to say but it's this long narrow part and that's what's leading right to the uterus okay the isthmus all right so that's going to be all four parts of the fallopian tube go ahead and erase some of this for you guys so that we can continue on our journey actually we'll go ahead and switch the other picture so let's get back to that other nice sagittal view this one right here okay so we just went over the fallopian tube the ovaries and we need to come back to the uterus for just a second before we move on okay so the uterus is going to have layers much like the layers of the heart okay so the uterus is going to have layers and we're going to name those layers from outside to in okay so the outermost layer is going to be known as the mesometrium okay the mesometrium whenever we pin the top here um i want you guys to think mesometrin because that's an area of something that we'll see known as the broad ligament covering the uterus is the mesometrium okay we'll talk about the broad ligament in a little bit essentially it's almost like a blanket for everything in this area okay and everywhere that it goes um whatever structure it's it's covering it's gonna change its name depending on what it's covering okay so the outermost layer of the uterus is really the broad ligament and the name for the broad ligament over the uterus is the mesometrium okay you might also see a term perimetrium and perimetrium is just referring to another one of the layers of this kind of like saris outside layer of the uterus we don't really focus on it too much but for the sake of this course we can kind of equate it with the mesometrium so you might see perimetrium as well okay but we would kind of group these things three things together so if we pin like right on top of the uterus you could say mesometrium broad ligament and perimetrium and still be correct okay now as we move deeper into the uterus like if we were to cut into the uterus you see this light pink tissue here like all this okay that's going to be the muscular layers of the uterus and that is known as the myometrium okay the myometrium remember that prefix myo means muscle okay the myometrium and then you have this kind of darker pink almost like a reddish internal layer right here and that is going to be the endometrium so you guys can see now it has a very similar organization as the heart we had like the myocardium and the endocardium now we have the myometrium and the endometrium okay and that's going from outside to end so outside we had the mesometrium with the broad ligament and the perimetrium then if we go in we have that light pink layer that really thick light pink layer that's known as the myometrium and then finally internally we have that thin kind of dark reddish dark pink color layer that's going to be the endometrium remember endo means inside okay and that's where that term like endometriosis comes from so if you know that um if you've heard of that syndrome if not i do believe dr dao covers it in her lecture powerpoints but if you've heard of endometriosis that is where um a female experiences very painful menstrual cycles like very painful periods in particular and um so because the endometrium is the layer that is shed during menses that's where that term comes from endometriosis so painful painful menses okay so that would be the layers now something else we have to cover are these ligaments so there are a lot of ligaments one of which you've already been introduced to right that was the broad ligament okay um this particular view isn't great let me go to this other view that we had this one right here um we'll get rid of all the writing there so do you guys see um let me change colors real quick so you can see a little bit better this kind of beige blanket that's covering everything on the model here that would be the broad ligament okay the broad ligament and i remember that because it's very broad right it covers like everything okay so that's going to be the first of our ligaments the broad ligament okay and it's going to cover pretty much everything in this area so this model doesn't necessarily do it justice because it does come up and cover some of these other structures as well okay so it's it's very large so we said that the broad ligament and keep this in mind the broad ligament when it covers the uterus is known as mesometrium when it covers the ovaries right see i drew those white lines over the ovary there so it does also cover the ovaries but specifically it changes its name when it covers the ovary it's known as mesobarium so these are just more specific terms the whole thing is the broad ligament but if we want to be more specific we could say that when it's over the ovaries it's known as the mesobarium okay and then finally when it's over the fallopian tube it is known as the mesopinks and the mesocell pinks and that cell pinks is just kind of like the root that refers to the fallopian tube okay so the broad ligament has three parts the mesometrium the mesovarium and the mesocell pinks the mesometrium is when it's over the uterus the mesovarium is when it's over the ovary and the mesosalpinx is when it's covering the fallopian tube okay so that's the first ligament that you need to know i told you female was complicated so that's the first ligament the next ligament we're going to talk about is going to be this little guy down here okay so this little guy is a ligament that connects the ovary to the uterus kind of like attaches it known as the ovarian ligament and this is important because we know that the ovary isn't necessarily connected to the fallopian tube so what's to prevent it from just kind of floating away what if what if let's say it migrated you know all the way let's say all the way over here what if it migrated over there and let's say this is my ovary and i ovulate right i release an egg and my fimbriae are doing jazz hands if your ovaries all the way over here no amount of jazz hands is going to create a current strong enough to pull the egg into the fallopian tube okay so in order to prevent the ovary from floating away we kind of anchor it to the uterus with the ovarian ligament so that'll be this structure right here so that's the job of the ovarian ligament just to keep the ovary close by okay we don't want it floating anywhere we don't want it migrating okay the third ligament that we're going to talk about is the round or teres ligament and we need to say of the uterus okay of the uterus and the reason that we need to include that is because we have a round or teres ligament of the liver in this block okay so we need to make sure that we're being specific and saying round or teres ligament of the uterus okay and that can be seen here and a little bit here okay so you can kind of think of this as like if the uterus was a person just kind of like bent over at the waist reaching forward with their arms would be the round or teres ligament of the uterus okay the reason that we have this is to kind of anchor the uterus to that anterior wall of the body um if you didn't know this is where like a baby goes sometimes and if there's a baby in there something kind of delicate and fragile we don't want the uterus just sloshing around and shaking the baby up before it's even born okay so we have to anchor the uterus so it's not moving around too much okay and we do that with the round or teres ligaments of the uterus okay so they anchor the uterus to that front wall okay now finally the last ligament that you need to know and you're gonna hate me for this one it's not really visible on the model but you still have to know it anyway it's known as the suspensory ligament okay and the suspensory ligament you can also see of the ovary okay of the ovary so the um suspensory ligament of the ovary is actually just vessels and maybe a couple other structures wrapped in broad ligament okay so how are we going to test you on this if you can't even see it on the model well the suspensory ligament of the ovary runs with the ovarian artery and vein because essentially all it is is the ovarian artery and vein where it's covered in broad ligament okay so these structures right here are the ovarian artery and vein okay you can kind of see they have this really cool distinct like chain-like or ladder-like appearance where they kind of weave in and out of each other the blue would be a vein the red would be an artery okay and this would be the ovarian artery and vein this would be homologous to the testicular artery and vein in the male okay and it comes from the gonadal artery and vein so um in embryonic development it starts off as the gonadal artery and vein and then when we differentiate um it can either become the ovarian artery and vein or the testicular artery and vein so the suspensory ligament of the ovary is what we call the artery and vein covered let's say it's just covered right now in broad ligament okay it would give the appearance the appearance of just a ligament right because it's covered um in broad ligament you wouldn't even really know that those vessels were in there okay so how are we going to test you on this well we would pin the ovarian artery and vein and then all of your answer choices would be these ligaments okay so if i pin that structure and i say name the pin structure you would know it's not the broad ligament because the broad ligaments this beige guy down here okay you know it's not the ovarian ligament because the ovarian ligament is connecting the ovary with the uterus it's not the round or teres ligament of the uterus because that's going to be these two arms right here coming off of the uterus so it has to be the suspensory ligament of the ovary okay all right so those are going to be the four ligaments that you need to know all right let's go back to our other view this very pretty mid-sagittal view okay i remember how i said we were going to start start off in the front and work our way back well that was a long trip up right so we went up we went over the uterus we covered the ovary the fallopian tubes we talked about the layers of the uterus we talked about all the ligaments okay but we still need to continue moving back all right so um if we work our way back here we get to the anus okay so that would be this hole here and then just above that so just superior to the anus right here this would be the rectum and then back here you could say that this would be the sigmoid colon okay it's that kind of s-shape kind of folding kind of like that okay so that is the sigmoid colon back there um the only other thing that you need to know um in this area would be these internal and external anal sphincters which we do talk about on some other models but i'll point them out for you on this one too so you'll see this red area right here okay that would be the external anal sphincter the external anal sphincter and remember this is like a ring of muscle that's been cut in half so think of it as like it's like half of a donut okay so that would be the external anal sphincter then you have this kind of inner lining right here this red part that would be the internal anal sphincter okay and these two muscles have um different innervations so the internal anal sphincter is involuntary okay internal anal sphincter is involuntary um it's mainly um sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation usually parasympathetic um but it whatever you need to know for that dr dahl will cover with you as far as the external anal sphincter this is going to be voluntary thank god or else this would be a very messy world so it's going to be voluntary and the innovation for that is going to be the pudendal nerve okay the pudendal nerve for the external anal sphincter so remember this one right here that i'm outlining in red right now that's external and then this one that's like in green that's internal okay so i would know which one is involuntary which one's voluntary and have an idea of the innervation on both of those um i know it sounds silly but the way that we remembered the pudendal nerve we always thought about um it's the poo dendle i know that sounds really funny but it helps right the pudendal nerve okay so that's going to innervate that external anal sphincter which is voluntary okay the last very last thing that i want to show you on this model is going to be some of these pouches okay so you might hear dr dao um lecture on them but this way you'll get to see them kind of before you start studying okay so there's two pouches in the female body there's only one in the male okay so again females are more complicated so we have two pouches and then one of the pouches has three names because hashtag female repro so we're gonna have one pouch here okay so let me get a different color for you guys i'm gonna have one pouch here and it kind of moves in here as well okay so there's this pouch which is more anterior and it's between the bladder and the uterus so this is known as the vesico uterine pouch okay the vesico uterine pouch okay posteriorly between the uterus and the rectum is the other pouch okay this one has three names it can be called the recto uterine pouch it can also be called douglas pouch and it can also be called cul-de-sac how poetic cul-de-sac and that's because it's just kind of like a dead end in the body okay so let's say that we're fluid and we're accumulating in this area and we're like oh an exit oh just kidding right everyone's had that moment where you're like lost in like suburbia hell and all the houses look the same you're like oh i think this is the way that we came in let's turn here and go out oh nope just kidding okay the cul-de-sac all right so the reason why these structures are very important is because in a standing position this is a perfect area for fluid to accumulate in the body so if we have like um an infection and there's a buildup of pus or if we have some kind of tear and there's some bleeding involved these would be really good places to check for excess fluid if you were performing something like an ultrasound or like a ct scan we'd be looking for these pouches right here to see if there's excess fluid hanging out on them and that would be in a standing position typically all right so um that's pretty much it for female repro um i know it's it's a lot but make sure that you take the time to kind of go through it uh be able to identify structures also be able to discuss the layers of the uterus the different parts of the fallopian tube know the different names for the fallopian tube know your ligaments and know your pouches and well i'm sure we'll post something in the study aid that will help you so this is another model that i just wanted to briefly go over with you guys this view here is a view of kind of like the area that's between the genitals and the anus okay so it's not you know the most attractive view of a person but it still needs to be discussed so we're going to focus on a couple of structures from this view this is clearly a female all right and just make sure that you understand the difference that you would see in these structures between a male and a female and that is shown in the powerpoint okay um so i'm just going to kind of label some of the muscles for you um we can see here that this is kind of like in a triangle okay and then we also have kind of like this circle in the middle here on a male instead of that circle we'd have a line like that so this is why we actually call this area the body the perennial deathly hallows and if you're not a harry potter fan first shame on you and second you're not gonna understand what that means but you still need to know these muscles okay so we have this triangle that's created in this area and then the real difference is in this area right here so in a female we have a circular shaped muscle and then in the male we have kind of look just like a straight line okay so either way you have the cloak of invisibility right um females have the sorcerer's stone males you have the elder wand okay so that's just something to kind of maybe help you with these structures if you're struggling a little bit with this area all right so let's just start off by naming some of these muscles so this muscle that makes up the base of the triangle right here that is known as the superficial transverse perennial muscle okay superficial transverse perennial muscle okay let's go to another color here this one that's making up the sides of your triangle that is known as ischiokavernosis and i'll write that one out for you issue cavernosus muscle i think that's how you spell it seems about right okay so istio cavernosus and then the muscle that really differentiates a male from a female is going to be this muscle here which is bulbospongiosis a bulbospongiosis i'll write that one for you too bulbo again you're not allowed to laugh if i spell something wrong spongiosis muscle okay so in the female this creates kind of like an oval in the middle of the triangle in the male the bubble spongiosis muscle goes straight up in this area and it's kind of forming like the bulb of the penis okay so that's just something to keep in mind um be able to identify these muscles and know the difference between the male and the female so if we just showed you kind of like a picture of the deathly hallows would you know if it's a male or female okay a couple things that uh might help you orient yourself like you can see here this would be the vestibule so we know that that's a female you can also see the external vaginal orifice here okay we know that this is the anus here and then between where the vulva is and where the anus is this point right here kind of where you see like almost the bubble spongiosis muscle and the superficial transverse perennial muscle intersecting this is known as the perennial body okay so this area right here is the perennial body and that goes the same for the male as well okay so just this area right here is the perennial body and that's really it for the perineum so this is the other half of that model that shows that sagittal cut of the female repro and so this model is going to show part of the perennium which you'll also see on another model but i did want to go over it because there is a very important homologous structure that you can see from this view okay so um if you haven't seen the part on the perennium yet just a real quick kind of overview this would be the superficial transverse perennial muscle here okay so superficial transverse perennial muscle at the bottom this would be the ischiocavernosus muscle making up the side of the triangle and then making up the this part of the oval here would be bulbous fungiosis muscle okay so there are those three muscles and they are labeled in your powerpoints for you but the real reason i'm showing you this point of view is this little thing right here um number 23. that is a very important gland that's going to help secrete a lubricant and it is known as bartholin's gland and that is um synonymous with the greater vestibular gland okay bartholin's gland and greater vestibular gland so that's the same thing okay and it's going to be this little number 23 here um you can see it's close to the superficial transverse perennial muscle and the bubble spongiosis just outside of the vestibule thus the greater vestibular gland okay this right here would be the labia minora right this is going to be homologous to calpers gland in the mail so it's not synonymous with it because the calpers gland is in the mail bartholin's gland is in the female but they are homologous meaning they um come from this same cluster of embryonic tissue and they also serve a similar purpose okay so you have bartholin's gland and the female which can also be known as the greater vestibular gland and then that would be homologous to calpers gland in the male also bubble urethral gland in the mail