welcome to part two of our our lecture on Canadian values so what are Canadian values and how distinct are those values from the United States or even from the rest of the world so to answer this question uh let's start with some survey data so sociologist Ronald engelhardt he argues that basically there are two main Dimensions or value Dimensions that capture the key values of any society and so they are the traditional secular rational Dimension and you can think of this Dimension the traditional secular rational Dimension you can think of it as occupying a scale like a scale right where from left to right which ranges from on the one end sort of your moral and religious values by moral we mean maybe emotional and by religious we mean you know spiritual religion these are sort of your moral spiritual values on the one end and on the other end are your more secular and rational uh values on the other so by secular we mean non-religious by irrational we mean non-emotional uh but more instrumental and so survey questions on this Dimension ask citizens about for instance how important is God to your life uh how deferential are you to Authority how much support uh do you have for traditional Family Values like the traditional family unit and traditional gender roles of of parents and they ask these survey questions on this Dimension ask about feelings of national pride as well as their attitudes towards you know a variety of moral practices like divorce abortion or euthanasia or suicide and so traditionalists for instance would argue against divorce they're opposed to divorce they're opposed to abortion they're opposed to euthanasia they're opposed to Suicide whereas secular rationalists would support these things they believe that they believe that human beings or citizens should have the right to divorce the right to engage abortion the right to euthanasia the the right to to engage in suicide as necessary so the second dimension that engelhardt argues sort of captures uh the key values of society you can think of this Dimension again as occupying a scale and on the one hand of this on the one end of the scale is is um survival and on the other end of the scale is self-expression so survival sort of describes the extent to which citizens are self-centered you know how much do they prioritize their own economic and physical security right and so these people also tend to be less tolerant uh less trustful because they want to make sure that they're economically and physically safe that's what the the people on this end of the spectrum have those kinds of values whereas people on the other end of the spectrum the self-expression expression the self-expression part of the spectrum these are citizens who prioritize things that are beyond their basic needs they're less interested in physical and economic security but they're more interested in sort of expressing non-physical non-self-centered values so they're interested in protecting the environment something that you know affects not just them but a wider a wider variety of people they believe in tolerance of foreigners they want to welcome and are tolerant of foreigners they support non-traditional sorts of kinds of uh identities like lgbtq as well as you know gender equality for instance they are they want to participate in politics right they're not just working their job and taking care of their home but they want to participate in the collective discussions about the collective good of society and they believe in in improving the in in having a high level of quality of life for all they want to improve the quality of life for all not just themselves so so Engelhard argues that these two Dimensions sort of uh you can you can plot countries on how well they fall on these two Dimensions the traditional secular rational dimension so some some countries are going to be more traditional where some countries are going to be more on the secular rational side as well he thinks that a lot of values can also be uh boiled down to survival versus self-expression so some countries are going to have citizens that are more inward looking and are more individualistic in terms of protecting their own security whereas other countries the citizens are going to be more self-expressive that they're going to prioritize the needs of others of the collective so where do Canadians stand on these two dimensions and so you'll see in this figure here this figure is based on some survey data from the world value survey it's actually the fifth wave of the world value survey which captures from 2008 to 2015 and the world value survey is a massive survey administered across many countries across the world so the x-axis which is the bottom of the figure so you know whenever you have a kind of figure like this the x-axis is sort of the bottom and the y-axis is the one that goes up and down so the x-axis in this figure is the second dimension with survival those with strong survival values on the left side of the of the figure and those with self-expression values on the right side and zero is sort of the midpoint you know in other words these are these are countries where the citizens uh you know balance survival versus self-expression equally okay that's the bottom of this figure and then the y-axis which is sort of the horizontal line This is the first Dimension with those countries with very Traditional Values on the located closer to the bottom and those with more secular rational values towards the top and again zero the 0.0 is the midpoint between these two sets of two sets of values so in this figure you can see there's a lot going on the dots represent individual countries okay and it summarizes how how the citizens in those countries scored on the two Dimensions so that's what each so you know you'll see these various dots are are basically various countries and how they scored on the two dimensions and they're grouped by sort of region religion and language you'll see you know there's Protestant Europe there's English speaking there's Catholic Europe there's confusion there's Orthodox Latin America so you have these lines drawn around these these various kinds of groupings now on the on the right hand side of the figure are Canada and the United States and both of these countries are located within the English-speaking group of countries as you can see from the figure these nations all have high levels of self-expression values and that's because they're toward the right hand side of the figure okay so they score very high on the self-expression on self-expression questions but they they are also they're also moderate in terms of their traditional secular rational vows values because they're sort of in the middle of the scale of the y-axis so you can see in this figure they're all the way to the right of the figure in terms of so that means they're very self-expressive if you look at the bottom but then when you think about them on the on the on the y-axis the up down axis there uh they're sort of in the middle can't as close it's just below the 0.0 Mark the United States is sort of between negative 0.5 and negative 1.0 now the the the the the circles around Canada and the United States these sort of represent uh two-thirds of the population in each country so that's two-thirds of the population of each country fall within each of these circles in terms of their on the two Dimensions okay and so you can see there's some overlap between the Canadian the top the bottom of the Canadian Circle and the top of the American Circle and that's just basically that that some part these parts of the Canadian and American population are very similar they have the same sets of values in terms of these two Dimensions um so so this is kind of interesting so can in the U.S are are very similar in a lot of ways in terms of self-expression they're both very very uh to the right of the of that Dimension and they're they're they're also very similar but less similar in terms of their their uh Traditional Values versus secular relational values the Americans are located a little are located towards more towards the towards the bottom of the y-axis they're below Canada so they have more Traditional Values whereas Canada is above the United States in terms of this part of the scale and so Canada has has a little more self-ex has a little more secular rational values relative to Traditional Values and the United States so if we produce the same figure but divided Canadians if we took out Canada the Canada Dot and created four new dots if we if we looked at English-speaking Canadians french-speaking Canadians and then Anglican Canadians and Catholic Canadians like if we made four dots for each of those categories of groups and instead of the Canada one what's interesting is that all four of these groups would cluster very closely around the Canadian the Canada dot that's in the figure right now so in other words French and English Canadians for instance are actually more alike uh to each other compared to French Canadians and and citizens from France for instance or same thing that French and English Canadians are more like uh compared to English Canadians and British citizens which is kind of interesting if you think about how you know Canada was Central was settled by settlers uh from France and and Britain again ignoring the presence of indigenous peoples which we'll talk about in more detail throughout the course so if you see Britain in the figure if you look in the figure Britain is just to the upper left of Canada it's in the English-speaking group and it's sort of up if you go towards up to North New Zealand and to the left you'll see there's Britain and France is is much further away than uh much further away in sort of the Catholic Europe uh cluster of countries so if you move from Britain uh and move upwards you'll hit Luxembourg and then France so that's kind of interesting that even if even if you divide Canadians into french-speaking Canadians and English-speaking Canadians that there's these French and English Canadians are still closer to each other than they are to their sort of original countries uh from which they're settler their settlers came from now notice just how different Canadian values are on these two Dimensions to many Islamic countries especially in terms of their Traditional Values a lot of the Islamic countries are located uh below the 0.0 number on the y-axis that's again the horizontal axis you can see that most of Islamic all the Islamic countries I guess are below the 0.0 figure so they have much more Traditional Values relative to to Canadian values and you know if you think about them it makes some sense um and look how different our values are in terms of price and Europe that process in Europe is much more secular rational than Canadians are so you have Islamic countries are much more traditional than us and then sort of Prost and Europe the Protestant European countries are much more on are much more secular rational in terms of their values relative us relative to us Canada is also very distant if we go back to the x-axis now uh the bottom survival values versus self-expression values you can see that Canada is very far from it's very Canadian values are very distant from Orthodox Islamic and African countries in terms of survival versus self-expression values Canada sort of almost um is close to the maximum or this is almost the almost at the maximum in terms of our self-expression values relative to these these Orthodox African countries which are much more focused on on Survival sets of values so if we look at this figure in general we notice that Canadians have very strong self-expression values so we're much less worried about our basic needs and we're much more interested in expressing our non-nic non-economic identities we're well actually we're out we're looking Beyond ourselves we're interested in the collective but in terms of our our Traditional Values versus secular rational values we're much more we're very moderate we're very we're we're very close to being at the middle which was being slightly towards more Traditional Values than we are to the secular rash uh rational values so how about National attachments how how much pride do we have in our in our country given all of the all of the the diverse roots of our country uh do are we very proud of our nation uh You know despite our very diverse roots in the same way that Americans are or doesn't you know the Americans you would assume with a Melting Pot they're going to be very they're going to be much more proud everyone gets melted into the into a Canadian into an American identity but Canada for a cultural mosaic if we believe in self-expression maybe we're going to be less less prideful of our country because there's more diversity of use is that true so this next figure uh gets at this question about national pride and it shows American and Canadian responses over several surveys to the following question how proud are you to be in Canada to be Canadian or if this was asked in the asked in the United States how proud are you to be American and the possible answers to the question to this question were very proud quite proud not very proud or not at all proud and so this figure shows the combined percentages for very proud that's the darker part of the bar and quite proud that's the lighter color so it shows you individually how much percentage but also the total the total percentage who said they were very proud or quite proud so each of the bars it represents a different world value survey so on the on the left are four Canadian surveys and the numbers indicate the years in which the surveys were asked so can 81 is the survey done in 1981 and then the next one is the Canadian survey in 1990 the next one is the Canadian survey in 1999 and then 07 and then on the right are so that's four and then we we're comparing that again six American surveys in 1981 1990 1995 1999 2007 and 2011 2011. and so if we look at this figure it shows that Canadians and Americans are very similar in terms of their national pride at around 90 percent and you know if we do some statistical tests of these of these uh of these results they're not statistically different so they're actually the same there's no statistical difference between these between the reported results and so although there's some movement in the proportions of varying quite Brown in the two countries across time so you can see you know that uh over time the actually the number of very proud goes up relative to the number quite proud which has gone down in the United States uh the figure sort of goes upwards more quite Prouds and less very proud so there is some movement but if you put if you take those two answers together and basically Canadians and Americans are very similar in terms of the amount of pride they report for their for their um for their country for their Nation right so so despite our supposed difference with the Americans and Melting Pot versus Mosaic you know they had a revolution we didn't these data suggest that Canadians are just as proudest of their Nation As Americans are foreign how about our feelings towards the state and the government so you know Americans had an American Revolution and they had this American Revolution they had a revolution to become independent from Britain because they didn't like the fact that Britain this foreign power across the ocean was interfering in their lives they were you know taxing American or the colonies for all sorts you know taxing them without providing them any sort of representation in their government and so Americans were very um you know the idea is that because you know they didn't like this fact that Britain was was taxing them and overseeing their colonies and so Americans were you know have become as a result were suspicious of government and they had a revolution to overthrow the British and since then Americans have always been suspicious of a suspicion I've always been suspicious about governments uh interfering in their lives right whereas so people assume that Americans are going to be less deferential uh and have less confidence in their government because they had such a Negative experience with Britain in contrast Canada never had a revolution we never had an armed Revolution against Britain uh instead we we negotiated our independence over time in a very but some would argue a very peaceful way using compromise and in a gradual way and so maybe that because of that Canadians are going to be more supportive of the of their government and have more confidence in the state and in the government and be more confident and be more uh open to State intervention in their lives in the way that Americans perhaps are not so this figure like the previous ones summarizes American and Canadian feelings about various political institutions in their country and this is just from one one survey in 2007. it's a little dated but it's still fairly accurate to how uh Americans and Canadians feel about their governments today as you can see in this figure that Americans are are basically less confident in their government institutions relative to Canadians and their confidence in Canadian institutions so you can see in terms of their confidence or their feelings towards government they're about even about the same Americans are a little more confident in their government than the Canadians are but not by much but if you look at individual political institutions like the legislature the Judiciary the Civil Service and political parties you can see that Canadians uh each time are much more confident about each of these you know political institutions you can see you know a big almost a double double the difference in terms of our legislatures so that's parliament in Canada or congress in the United States that Canadians are more confident in the House of Commons and the Senate relative to Americans uh towards their Congress in terms of the Judiciary both in both countries uh Canadians and Americans are confident in the Judiciary although Canadians are a little more confident in the in the Canadian Judicial System relative to Americans in terms of the Civil Service you know the bureaucrats who who make who Implement government policy again you know both are pretty confident but Canadians are are more confident in their civil servants than in the United States and in political parties you can see Canadians or Americans aren't very confident in either in in political in their political parties but Canadians are still still feel more confident about their political parties uh relative to Americans so these data overall suggests that there are some important differences here that Canadians seem to be more deferential more supportive of political Authority than Americans perhaps again reflecting this historical differences in the American Revolution versus you know a more gradual negotiated kind of um Independence process in in Canada finally what do Canadians and Americans think makes a good citizen and what is a good citizen what does it mean to be a true Canadian what does it mean to be a true American so a number of Scholars there's a number of ways you can think about this but in terms of political scientists and sociologists a number of Scholars argue that that this question about what it means to be a good citizen can be boiled down to two Dimensions there's two Dimensions to being a good citizen the first is citizen Duty so for instance whether or not citizens are feel like they should obey the law whether or not citizens should feel that they have to pay taxes uh the extent to which citizens turn out to vote do they have do they feel that they have a duty to vote and do they feel that they have a duty to serve in the military so a good citizen means feeling having strong feelings of Duty as a citizen to serve to serve one's country by obeying the law by paying taxes by voting in elections by serving in the military so that's the one dimension to be a good citizen and the other dimension to being a good citizen is being an Engaged citizen so that means being active in Civil Society groups like interest groups and think tanks and other kinds of Civil Society groups bowling associations um those kinds of things it also engage citizen means that you have consumer habits that are driven by ethics or poor politics so you buy products for ethical or political reasons you you boycott certain companies because they they um they uh they engage in some exploitive practice child labor in China for instance or um or you you invest in mutual funds that only have uh that don't have any um oil producing companies for instance right that's a big thing at the at some Universities at University pension plans are trying to move towards um Investments that don't involve companies that are contributing to global warming so that so that's a form of engaged citizenship buying products for ethical or political reasons engaged citizenship means that you you are more likely to spend time keeping watch on government you know paying attention to what government does to hold them accountable it means trying to understand the opinion of others so an Engaged citizen means you know you're you're not just shouting down people or you're in your own bubble you're engaging with others and trying to understand their political and moral views and trying to understand that and and dialogue with that and it can also mean engaged citizenship can also mean social citizenship which is the idea that we as a society should help others you know through welfare programs and the like so so you know a good citizen can can mean high levels of Citizen Duty or low levels of Citizen Duty it can mean very engaged citizens or not very engaged citizens most times when we think about a good citizen you know normatively you think it's going to be citizens with high level of Citizen Duty and high levels of engaged citizenship but that may not be the case in every country so what do Americans and Canadians think a good citizen looks like on these two dimensions of Citizen Duty and citizen engagement so here in the slide is a similar figure to the very first one we looked at earlier in this video the x-axis so again I figure that's the bottom the x-axis on the bottom is the citizen Duty Dimension and the y-axis which goes up and down on the left hand side is the level in which citizens believe that they should be engaged engaged citizenship okay so negative numbers in both cases means less engaged and less dutiful citizens so if you have if you're on if you're below zero on the engage citizenship uh um access it means you know you're less likely to help others or you're less likely to participate in Civil Society organizations whereas negative numbers on the on the x-axis means you're a less dutiful citizen you're less dutiful citizen it means you're less likely to believe in serving in the military you're less likely to participate in elections by voting you don't believe you should obey the law all the time uh you don't think you should always pay your taxes so this figure uh suggests that Canadians and Americans are pretty similar in terms of what they think a good citizen is except that Canadians feel more Duty in terms of their citizenship responsibilities okay so you can see that Canada United States are located to on the right hand side of the graph uh closer to just to the right of point four you can see there that um uh yeah the Canadians are to the right of the United States and so they believe in the Canadians have a lot more responsibilities now what's interesting is that the assistant citizen duty is made up of a number of questions and while Canadians score high on things like uh obeying the law paying taxes and turnout Canadians are 15 points lower in terms of believing that they should serve in the military that Americans are much more supportive 15 points percentage points more uh uh in terms of believing that they have a duty to serve in the military now it's also interesting that Canada and this figure is the most dutiful of the countries listed right so if you look at all the countries Canada is the furthest most to the right in terms of Citizen Duty compared to all the other countries that are listed here so we were the most dutiful we believe we have a lot of Duties to obey the state and to support the state and then engage in our citizen responsibilities but we're in the middle in terms of Citizen engagement you can see if you go to the y-axis now you can see there's countries above us like like the United States Ireland Portugal Spain Austria Swiss they're all above us in terms of how engaged their citizens are uh with you know Poland Portugal at the very top but we also have a lot more countries below us that are much less engaged you can see Finland and Britain are are the two bottom ones in Japan the three are the three most least engaged citizens among the countries here so overall what could we conclude from this from these survey data what do these survey data tell us about Canadian values first they suggest that Canadians are much more self-expressive than the rest of the world you know we really were less interested in our self in our personal survival and we believe more in terms of the collective and and recognizing non-economic uh uh security kinds of things okay so we believe in looking outwards to you know expressing ourselves beyond our basic needs but we're also um sort of moderate in terms of our moderate in terms of our moral Traditional Values and secular rational ones so you know we have virgin we were judeo-christian country and I'm given uh our immigrants from Britain who are Protestant or immigrants from France who are Catholic they brought those religious values but over time you know we've drifted away from those religious values towards more secular um Canadians are very proud of their country very similar to how proud Americans are so despite you know our diverse our diverse uh history and diverse makeup you know Canadians feel very proud about about what they about their Nation even though We're a nation of immigrants we'll talk more about that and indeed you know the the the paper that you had to read by Jennifer ditch burn talks a little bit about this about integrating immigrants third Canadians have a lot more confidence in their political institutions relative to Americans uh we're more we're more confidence perhaps that means we're more deferential we're more likely to listen to our leaders and be guided by them and let them rule without us trying to always hold them accountable and so this may suggest you know Canadians are going to be more pro-state intervention we're more likely to welcome the state in our lives uh we're more likely to let our leaders lead and guide us relative to Americans so that makes us very makes us distinct from them but Canadians are very similar in terms of to Americans in terms of High having high levels of civic duty feelings of having you know being dutiful citizens but only moderate feelings about being engaged um citizens right just just above zero but below 0.2 in in the figure so so a lot of the things we've talked about here sort of sort of fits with what we've talked about in previous lectures about you know a distinctive set of values but also that some of these values are surprisingly similar to the United States not similar to Britain as we saw in the first very first figure that Britain and France were very you know these two uh mother countries you know the citizens in those countries their values are very are actually quite distant from Canadians um but you know surprisingly our values are very similar to the to the United States so where do these values come from where do these distinctive Canadian values come from and why are why are our values actually quite similar to the United States or more similar to the United States than perhaps what many Canadians and non-canadians uh might assume so that's what we'll talk about in the next lecture