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What is the role of cartilage in cartilaginous joints?
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Cartilage unites the bones and allows limited movement without a joint cavity.
What type of movements are specific to the hands and feet?
Special movements include thumb opposition (touching the thumb to the fingers), supination (rotating the forearm so the palm faces up), and pronation (rotating the forearm so the palm faces down).
How many bones are there in the axial skeleton and what are they?
The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Explain the difference between abduction and adduction.
Abduction is the movement away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the movement toward the midline.
What are the three main components of the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue.
Explain the importance of understanding joint structure and function.
Understanding joint structure and function is critical for diagnosing and treating movement-related conditions and for comprehending how different parts of the body work together to facilitate movement.
What distinguishes synovial joints from other types of joints?
Synovial joints are freely movable, have a fluid-filled joint cavity with synovial fluid, and allow for a wide range of movements.
What movement is characterized by circular motion and which joint allows it?
Circumduction is characterized by circular motion, and it is typically allowed by ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder and hip.
What is hyperextension and when does it occur?
Hyperextension is the extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.
What is the functional classification of joints and provide an example for each type.
Synarthroses (immovable, e.g., cranial joints), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable, e.g., pubic symphysis), and Diarthroses (fully movable, e.g., knee, elbow).
Describe the two major divisions of the skeleton.
The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
What type of tissue is found in fibrous joints and give an example?
Dense fibrous connective tissue; an example is the sutures of the skull.
How does the vertebral column contribute to the axial skeleton and how many vertebrae does it consist of?
The vertebral column provides support and protection for the spinal cord and consists of 33 vertebrae.
List and describe the six types of synovial joints.
1. Plane: Flat surfaces that glide over each other. 2. Hinge: Allow movement in one plane (e.g., elbow). 3. Pivot: One bone rotates around another (e.g., atlas and axis). 4. Condyloid: Oval surface fits into a depression, allowing movement in two planes. 5. Saddle: Both bones have a concave and convex surface (e.g., thumb). 6. Ball and socket: Spherical head fits into a round socket, allowing multi-directional movement (e.g., shoulder, hip).
Describe the skeletal structure of the upper and lower limbs.
Both have a similar structure: one bone in the proximal segment (humerus or femur), two bones in the distal segment (radius/ulna or tibia/fibula), a complex structure of multiple small bones (wrists/ankles), and digits.
What is the difference between flexion and extension?
Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle between two bones, while extension is a movement that increases the angle.
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