Respiratory System
Importance
- Facilitates breathing
- Oxygen intake & carbon dioxide expulsion
Components
- Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Main Functions
- Pulmonary Ventilation: Air travels through the nose/mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → lungs
- External Respiration: Oxygen enters lungs, CO2 is expelled
- Internal Respiration: Gases exchange between bloodstream and tissues
- Sound Production: Air flow through larynx vibrates vocal cords
- Olfactory Function: Smell depends on olfactory fibers in the nose
Carbon Dioxide Regulation
- Hypercapnia: Excess CO2 causing health issues like fatigue, headaches
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Structures: Nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx
- Nose: Smell, air filter, sinus system
- Pharynx Sections: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx
- Larynx: Voice box, airway protection
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Components: Trachea, lungs, bronchi, diaphragm
- Lungs Protection: Sternum, ribcage, vertebrae
- Lung Function: Oxygen intake, CO2 expulsion, surfactant production
- Bronchi & Diaphragm: Air passage, breathing muscle
Respiratory Zones
- Conducting Zone: Air passage (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)
- Respiratory Zone: Gas exchange (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)
Ventilation Process
- Inhalation/Exhalation: Diaphragm movement
- Breathing Issues: Hyperventilation, hypoventilation consequences
Cardiovascular System
Introduction
- Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Cardiopulmonary system: Cardiovascular + pulmonary components
Heart Anatomy
- Muscle located in chest, size of a clenched fist
- Chambers: Right & left atrium, right & left ventricle
- Valves: Right AV (tricuspid), pulmonary, aortic, left AV (mitral)
Blood Circulation
- Pulmonary Circulation: Heart ↔ Lungs
- Systemic Circulation: Heart ↔ Body
- Pathway: Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta
Blood Components
- Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
- Functions: Oxygen & nutrient transport, infection defense, waste removal, clotting
Gastrointestinal System
Overview
- Digestive process: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, waste elimination
Anatomy
- Solid Organs: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
- Hollow Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus
Functions
- Nutrient breakdown & absorption, waste movement via peristalsis
Stomach Parts
- Cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus
Intestinal Sections
- Small Intestine: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Large Intestine: Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon
Enzyme Functions
- Carbohydrates: Amylase, maltase
- Proteins: Pepsin, trypsin
- Nucleic Acids: Nuclease, nucleosidase
- Lipids: Lipase, bile salts
Muscular System
Overview
- Controls movement, posture, voluntary/involuntary movements
Types of Muscles
- Skeletal Muscles: Movement, posture, voluntary actions
- Cardiac Muscles: Heart function, involuntary
- Smooth Muscles: Organs like intestines & stomach, involuntary actions
Muscle Proteins
- Myosin & Actin: Role in muscle contraction
Muscle Groups
- Head/Neck, Chest/Back, Abdomen, Arms/Hands, Legs/Feet
Endocrine System
Functions
- Regulates growth, reproduction, stress
Glands
- Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Ovaries, Testes
Hormones
- GH, prolactin, cortisol, endorphins, etc.
Pituitary Gland Sections
- Anterior: Produces growth, stress hormones
- Posterior: Vasopressin, oxytocin
Urinary System
Functions
- Waste elimination, chemical/water balance, blood regulation
Components
- Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
Kidney Function
- Nephrons: Filter blood, regulate fluid
Waste Movement
- Ureters: Kidney to bladder transport
- Bladder/Urethra: Urine storage & expulsion
Immune System
Functions
- Fights pathogens, protects body through lymphatic system
Key Components
- Lymph, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels, White Blood Cells
Lymphatic System
- Lymph Nodes: Filter harmful substances
- White Blood Cells: Five types, fight infection
Skeletal System
Functions
- Body support
- Movement
- Organ protection
- Blood cell production
- Mineral storage
- Endocrine regulation
Divisions
- Axial Skeleton: Skull, vertebrae, rib cage
- Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs, girdles
Bone Types
- Compact & Cancellous Bones: Structure, protection, blood production
Nervous System
Functions
- Information collection, processing, acting on stimuli
Divisions
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain & spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves, ganglia
Brain Regions
- Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Medulla, Brain Stem, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
CNS & PNS
- Somatic & Autonomic Systems: Voluntary & involuntary controls
Integumentary System
Overview
- Skin layers, temperature regulation, gland functions
Skin Layers
- Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Layer
Glands
- Sebaceous & Sweat Glands: Exocrine functions
Reproductive Systems
Male System Components
- External Genitalia: Penis, scrotum
- Internal Organs: Testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
Female System Components
- External Genitalia: Labia, clitoris
- Internal Organs: Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes
Reproductive Functions
- Sperm & egg production, fertilization, sexual characteristics
This summary provides an overview of the key functions and components of several major human body systems. Each system contributes to the overall health and function of the body, highlighting their interconnectivity and importance.