Overview
This lecture discusses how we adjust our speech styles depending on context, formality, and our relationship with conversation partners.
Speech Styles and Context
- Communication style changes based on situation and the people involved.
- Speech can be formal (less personal) or informal (more casual and spontaneous).
- The level of formality depends on who you are talking to and the context.
Five Types of Speech Styles (Martin Joos)
- Intimate Style: Used in private conversations; grammar is less important, personal codes and endearments like "honey" or "love" are common.
- Casual Style: Language is relaxed, can include slang, jargon, or vernacular; incomplete sentences are acceptable (e.g., teens using slang like "lit").
- Consultative Style: Standard, semi-formal language used in daily transactions; mutually accepted and operational.
- Formal Style: Rigid and well-documented vocabulary; often one-way communication for professional or academic use (e.g., speeches).
- Frozen Style: Fixed, unchanging speech; examples include prayers or ceremonial recitations.
Formality and Social Status
- The formality of speech depends on the speaker’s relationship and status relative to the listener.
- Speech style shifts from less formal (intimate) to most formal (frozen) based on the degree of closeness.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Formality — The degree to which language is structured, personal, and suitable for official or casual situations.
- Intimate Style — A private communication style marked by shared codes and endearments.
- Casual Style — Informal style featuring slang and relaxed grammar.
- Consultative Style — Standard, everyday language with a semi-formal tone.
- Formal Style — Highly structured language for academic or professional settings.
- Frozen Style — Set, unchanging speech used in ritual or ceremonial contexts.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review examples of each speech style in real-life situations.
- Reflect on when to use each style depending on your audience and setting.