hello everybody my name is Iman welcome back to my YouTube channel today we're going to cover chapter six for MCAT organic chemistry and this chapter is about aldah and ketones it's going to be part one of this topic chapter 7 will be a continuation of this topic fantastic in this video we're going to cover the following objectives we're going to talk about description and properties so this is going to include us talking about nomenclature rules and the physical properties of alahh and ketones as well as their formation we will also discuss nucleophilic addition reactions and oxidation reduction reactions now this chapter really focuses on an important functional group for the MCAT and that is the carbonal alahh and ketones both have a carbonal group all right and they have a lot in common because they both contain a carbonal group now as a reminder carbonal group this is a double bond between a carbon and an oxygen the only difference between aldhy and ketones is what is attached to the carbonal carbon now the carbonal carbon is one of the most common functional groups in organic chemistry and this is because of two reasons first the carbonal is a component of many different functional groups yes alahh and KET but also carboxilic acids Esters amides and hydrides all right and several other compounds second reason is that the carbonal has the unique ability to behave as both a nucleophile or I should say as either a nucleophile or an electrophile and in this chapter at least in this first part of our discussion of alahh and ketones we're going to investigate the overall properties of aldhy and ketones and then we're going to talk about some important reactions all right now I've said that both ketones and alahh they contain a carbonal group and really the difference between the two is what is attached to the carbonal group so let's talk about it a ketone depicted here has two alkal groups bonded to the carbonal carbon this carbon double bond oxygen whereas an alahh this molecule right here has one alkal group and one hydrogen attached to the carbonal functional group all right this means based off of that definition where a ketone has two alkal groups bonded to the carbonal and an alahh has one alkal group and one hydrogen this means that the carbonal in a ketone is never a terminal group where is it is always in an alahh now with that being said all right how do we go about naming alahh and ketones all right let's first start with aldhy alahh are named by placing the e at the end of the LK name with the suffix a l what we see here all right is the IUPAC name all right for five different alahh eyeses for four different alahh eyeses wow look at me I can't count anymore all right here we see the IUPAC names for four common alahh that you're going to see or you might see in the MCAT all right here we have all right our carbonal carbon all right and we have one hydrogen and then the other group is also a hydrogen all right now I know our definition of alahh was one alkal group and one hydrogen but we also reference a carbonal group with just two hyd a carbonal group with two hydrogens attached also as an aldah all right so this is methel right this is just one carbon molecule so you would be thinking oh one carbon all right methane following the rules of nomenclature for aldah eyeses we're going to replace that e at the end with a l so this molecule is methanal now something that's important to know is also the common name of this aldah in particular all right the common name for this molecule is formal deide foral deide all right you should know both the IUPAC name and the common name for this molecule for the mcap all right here's another common alahh all right it has your carbonal group it has one hydrogen and one alkal group the alkal group here is just a methyl group all right so this molecule has a total of two carbons so you might be thinking ethane all right but again replace that e with a l this molecule is called ethanol now you also need to know the common name for ethanol all right the common name for ethanol is acetyl hydride all right acetyl alahh I should say I guess I I'm so sorry acal alahh all right so let me write that down for us acetal alide fantastic here's a third example of an aldhy all right this is propanel all right so it has your carbonal group it has a hydrogen and here's the alkal group all right the alkal group has ch2 ch3 all right for a total of three carbons in this molecule you might be thinking propane for three carbon chain all right but again this is an alahh so we replace the E with Al this molecule is propanel you also you guessed it need to know the common name for this molecule as well hence why we're covering it right the common name for this molecule is propo iion alahh all right I'm going to go ahead and write it propo iion alide beautiful all right um I'm going to do one more all right let's do one more just to just to make sure we got the hang of this right all right here we go all right we have our carbonal it's attached to a hydrogen and then an alkal group there are 1 2 3 four total carbon so you might be thinking butane remember we replac the E with a l so this is buttin L all right we also should know the common name for this molecule for the MCAT the common name for this molecule is butter alahh all right fantastic all right and then this molecule this is a um a CYO alahh a cyclic aldhy so if the aldhy is attached to a ring the suffix carbo alahh is used instead so for example here we have a ring the ring is a five carbon ring so cyclopentane and then we add the suffix carbal deide at the end and so the name of this molecule is cyclopentane carbal deide all right so that is nomenclature for alahh let's talk about ketones ketones are named by replacing the E with the suffix o and Eon all right when naming ketones all right you're going to replace the E with the suffix o n e all right so let's take a look at a couple of examples of aldhy all right one side note that I do want to mention all right when ketones are named as substituents all right which could be the case all right because we said alahh they are terminal all right they're going to be near the end all right ketones can exist right in the middle right because it really is just a carbonal with two alkal chains attached to it so sometimes ketones might not be the highest priority functional groups present and you might need to name them as substituents when ketones are named as substituents use the prefix Oxo or keto now with that being said all right alahh are terminal but that doesn't mean that they will always be the highest priority functional group present in a molecule either all right so going back to alahh when alahh are named as substituents you're going to use the prefix Oxo all right it's the same thing with ketones as well you can use the prefix Oxo but for ketones you can also use the prefix keto all right so that's an important thing to know so for aldhy if it's a substituent you can use the prefix Oxo for ketones if the Ketone is a substituent you can use the prefix Oxo or keto all right so let's look at a couple of examples here all right here we have a ketone we have a carbonal group it's attached to Two alkal Chains all right both of those are methyl groups all right how would you name this molecule well it has three carbons all right with the carbonal group at position two all right so you're thinking that there is a carbonal well first you're thinking there are three carbons so you're might you know you're thinking propane all right but this is a ketone and you know that for ketones you replace the E with on so this is propanone and of course for ketones here you're going to have to identify the position of the Ketone of the carbonal group all right you have to identify the position of the carbonal group you don't have to do that for alahh because they're terminal all right especially when alahh and that's in consideration for with the fact that you know your alahh is your highest priority group all right for ketones you're going to have to identify the position of the carbonal group all right now what is the common name for this group you're going to have to know it all right for the MCAT this particular molecule to propanone you have to know the common name the common name is acetone all right here's another example all right this is two butanone all right you notice that there's four carbons all right and that carbonal group's at a position two so two butano all right this is another one that we need to know this is three Oxo butanoic acid notice how we're using the word Oxo here all right and that is because this is because the Ketone is not the highest priority group present in this molecule the carboxilic acid is all right and so we're naming it based off of this carboxilic acid we are going to cover the nomenclature for carboxilic acids later down the line I just wanted to throw in this example just so we can learn how to use the how how we can learn how to name ketones when they are substituents so that we can know where and how to slap on Oxo all right so here our carboxilic acid is our main functional group our Ketone all right is just a substituent so we name it based off of the fact that it is a carboxilic acid but we have to identify that our Ketone is a substituent this is carbon one at the carboxilic acid group this is Carbon 2 all right the carbonal group for the ketones at position three that is why this molecule is called three Oxo the Oxo identifies that at position three there's a carbonal group and we have this Ketone functional group present in the molecule butanoic acid that's the way we named carboxilic acids we will dive into that later on all right but in essence you replace the E of the name of your alkane with OIC acid in short of course we will cover it more later down the line all right and here's how we would name uh a cyclic Ketone right this is um a five carbon ring all right and we have our um key our carbonal group there so it is part of the um cyclic pentane molecule here this is going to be called cyclop pentan all right so the CYO indicates that this is a ring pentane to indicate that this is the number of carbons present in this cyclic molecule all right except the E is replaced with Owen because it's a ketone so cyclopenin fantastic so that is no nomenclature all right nomenclature how we name alahh how we name ketones the next thing we want to talk about briefly is physical properties the physical properties of aldhy and ketones are governed by the presence of the carbonal group all right now the dipole of the carbonal is going to be stronger than the dipole of an alcohol group and I I use alcohol to reference it because we've talked about alcohols in the previous chapter and we talked about how there is a dipole all right in our alcohol group oxygen is a lot more electronegative than hydrogen and so it pulls electron density more towards it and so the oxygen H tends to be partially negative while the H hydrogen tends to be partially positive now the dipole of the carbonal what we're trying to say is it's even stronger than the dipole of an alcohol because the double bonded oxygen is even more Electro is even more electron withdrawing than the single bond to oxygen in the hydroxy group now in Solutions the dipole moments associated with these polar carbonal groups increases intermolecular attractions all right and one thing that we talked about this increased intermolecular attractions causes an elevation in Boiling Point relative to their parent alkalines uh yeah Al alkanes I should say I'm sorry relative to their parent alkanes now here's the thing there's a butt all right even though aldah and ketones have dipoles more polar than those of alcohols the elevation and boiling point is less than in alcohols because no hydrogen bonding is present all right so that's that's a caveat that we should be familiar with so while the dipole moment in the carbonal group increases the intermolecular forces and therefore boiling points of alahh and ketones all right relative to alkanes it's not as significant and this is because of the impact of hydrogen bonding seen in alcohols all right now another point that we want to make is in reactions alahh and ketones both act as electrophiles making good targets for nucleophiles and this is due to the electron withdrawing properties of the carbonal oxygen all right which leaves a partial positive charge on the carbon and a partial negative charge on the oxygen generally alahh are more reactive toward nucleophiles than ketones because they have less steric hindrance because one of their groups is a hydrogen all right and the other group is an alkal is an alkal group whereas in a ketone both groups both groups that are attached to the carbonal are alkal groups so generally alahh are more reactive toward nucleophiles than ketones because they have less steric hindrance and fewer electron donating alkal groups now one more thing in our first objective that we want to cover is also formation right alahh highes and ketones they can be produced by several mechanisms we're just going to cover a few here and alahh can be obtained from the partial oxidation of a primary alcohol all right using something called pyrodinium chlorochromate shortened as PCC all right we talked about this in chapter 4 when we were analyzing organic uh reactions we said we can go from a primary alcohol to an alahh if we use PCC all right it is a mild Ox uh uh oxid oxidant I will say now with any Str stronger oxidants alahh will continue to be oxidized to carboxylic acid so if your goal is to go from primary alcohol to alahh you have to use a mild oxidant like PCC if you use a strong oxidant like sodium chromate your primary alcohol will be oxidized to a carboxylic acid not to a alahh a ketone a ketone it can be uh obtained from the oxidation of um a secondary alcohol and this can be performed using reagents um like sodium chromate or potassium chromate or even chromium trioxide all right when you're oxidizing a secondary alcohol there's no concern for oxidizing too far because the reaction will stop at the Ketone stage and that's why you can use strong oxidants for the conversion of a secondary alcohol a secondary alcohol to a ketone all right with that being said we can move into our second objective now actually for this video we're going to stop here in the next video we'll continue our conversation let me know if you have any questions comments concerns so far in our lecture down below other than that good luck happy studying and have a beautiful beautiful day future doctors