Comprehensive US History Exam Overview

Final US History Exam Guide 1-6 “The study of history is about the middle of things.” Wilfred McClay. Settlers came to America. There are no native americans, but they were just there before Columbus First settlers are from Asia, through the Bering Sea, around 20,000 -30,000 years ago The first European settlers were Vikings, even before Columbus European interests The Crusades movement was the first contact of Europe with Asian wealth The collapse of Constantinople made the oriental trade impossible, greatly motivating European powers to reach India and China directly towards the east Sailors Development of caraval(can sail against the wind), astrolabe & compass , mapping skills, gunpowder & canon made it easier, Henry the Navigator founded the nautical school in Lisbon, Portugal Vasco Da gama: reached India, but was killed by Filipinos, the first to sail around the African continent. Christopher Columbus With Spanish funding from the King, he found America. Since it was not India with no spice and gold, his voyage was deemed a failure, instead believing that he was close to China, and with one more push past, he would find it. He made in total made 4 voyages to the New World, and died on the last voyage. He believed that he had found India, not America. Meso-America Mayas, Aztecs(tenochtitlan, Mexico), and Incas(west coast of south america) First migration from Northeast Asia, through the Bering Sea, 14-16 K years ago Slash and burn farming method. Social hierarchy: Kings-Nobility-Priests-Artisans and Merchants-peasants and slaves Human sacrifice for agricultural abundance among the Aztecs The population of North America was 10 M, with 240 different languages The Algonquian tribe is described by John White(organizer of the first English colony at Roanoke) Canada Right of discovery by John Cabot East of Canada became the land under Henry 7 Conquistadors Spanish conquerors sent from the mainland, supported by the Treaty of Tordesillas’ Utilized: the union with the native tribes, metal weapons, and cannons. Hernán Cortez: conquered Aztec Francisco Pizzaro: conquered Inca Marin Arizmendi: conquered Maya Columbian exchange: cultural, physical exchanges between Europe and America From Europe: smallpox and other diseases, horses and other animals, slavery, Christianity From America: gold, silver, slaves, potato, tomato, tobacco, and chocolate. Religious reformation The Roman Catholic church’s corruption Selling indulgences, collecting religious taxes, and excommunication from the church Martin Luther: The 95 Theses John Calvin: Predestination, salvation Calvinists: Puritans, separatists, pilgrims Henry the 8th: The Anglican church due to his remarriage Queen Elizabeth and her sea dogs destroyed the Spanish Armada, making England the top. New England colony With the Toleration Act of 1649, Calvinists migrated to New England for religious reasons. Puritans: wanted to purify the catholic church Separatist: wanted to be separated from the church of England Pilgrims wanted the spiritual journey Jamestown(Virginia) Captain John Smith, “If you don’t work, you don’t eat.” Grew tobacco to trade for necessary things with the others Rhode Island Roger Williams, religious freedom. Maryland Lord Baltimore, catholic -> religious freedom to attract more people Massachusetts Bay John Winthrop, with 7 ships in 1630, set a goal as ‘City upon a hill’ Roughly 14,000 settlers decreased to 1,200 in the first years of English settlement. Politics in New England The first house of legislature was in Plymouth, Virginia 1649(Burgesses) Glorious Revolution 1688(The period of Salutary Neglect) in Britain made the mainland government ignorant Great Awakening: revival of old religion and philosophy John Locke and his social contract theory inspired the separation of powers Natural rights Benjamin Franklin led the Enlightenment in America Early colonial founders were Deists, who thought God was a watchmaker Heart of the American Revolution is ‘Self Rule’ French and indian war: Benjamin Franklin called the Albany Congress to make the Union British actions against America in historical order The Stamp Act: taxes on various documents and printed materials The Declaratory Act: British Parliament can make any necessary law to rule colonies The Townshend Act: taxes on imported goods The Tea Act: British monopoly in the American tea market The Boston Tea Party occurred to protest against the British tea monopoly The Intolerable Act(Coercive Act): restricted political activities, and closed Boston Harbor until the debt from the Boston Tea Party was paid The Quartering Act: forced to provide housing + food to British soldiers The Sugar Act: to reduce smuggling(or ‘free trade’). Declaration of Independence 1776 Notifying of separation, listing of grievances, stating natural rights Thomas Jefferson and the Founding Fathers George Washington First U.S president and chief commander of the Continental Army From Virginia, stipulated to volunteer as the army leader American isolationism: Jay’s treaty Battles he led to victory in historical order Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775): The first military engagements of the war, when the Continental Army forced British troops to retreat to Boston. Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775): Although technically a British victory, the Continental Army inflicted heavy casualties on British forces. Battle of Trenton (December 26, 1776): A surprise attack by George Washington's forces that resulted in a crucial victory, taking the Prussian(German) forces outta the war. Battle of Saratoga (September 19 – October 7, 1777): This decisive victory convinced France to join the war as an ally of the American cause. Battle of Kings Mountain (October 7, 1780): A significant victory in the Southern campaign that boosted Patriot morale. Battle of Cowpens (January 17, 1781): Another important Southern victory that helped turn the tide in favor of the Continental Army. Battle of Yorktown (September 29 – October 19, 1781): The final major battle of the war, resulting in the surrender of British General Cornwallis and effectively ending the conflict, with French support The battle he lost Battle of Long Island (August 27, 1776): This was one of the largest battles of the war and resulted in a significant defeat for the Continental Army, forcing them to retreat from New York City. Battle of White Plains (October 28, 1776): Although the battle itself was inconclusive, it was part of a series of defeats that forced Washington's army to retreat further. Battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778): This battle was technically a draw, but it was considered a missed opportunity for Washington to inflict a decisive defeat on the British forces. His forces were at their lowest number in the Battle of Morristown, due to smallpox. His force had to endure the cold winter at Valley Forge.e Winning factors British corruption and failures were similar to the Romans’ French support: Due to the beefy relationship with Britain, and to regain land they lost from the French Indian War. Inspiration for the battles: ‘Common Sense by Thomas Paine, American Crisis American Government structure Tried to avoid the ‘Abuse of Power’, ‘Check & Balance’ Funding: Land sales to the frontiers and ask the states to volunteer funds States could charge taxes, make their treaties, and print their own money Shay’s Rebellion required a stronger federal government Constitution The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was held privately Derives its power and authority from ‘The People’ The absence of the ‘Bill of Rights’ was the major argument about it 5 liberties were listed in the First Amendment of the U.S Constitution John Jay, James Maddison, and Alexander Hamilton wrote The Federalist Papers to support the American Constitution Article 1, Legislative Branch Congress has the power to make laws of “legislative power.” House of Representatives have been a citizen for 7 years, and +25 years old 2-year term Impeachment power The Senate 2 senators for each state, have to be a citizen for 9 years, +30 years old 6 years term, and ⅓ of senators are elected in the 2-term election To override, veto, or impeach a student, ⅔ of the congress should agree with that Congress uses defunding, impeachment, and confirmation of appointments to balance presidential power. Article 2: Executive branch Carry out laws, or “executive powers” Electors chosen by each state elect the President Natural born citizen and at least 35 years old. 4-years term(Hamilton wanted lifetime service), and can run twice Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces Has the power to grant reprieves and pardons Make treaties, appoint ambassadors, and appoint Supreme Court justices Uses the veto to check the power of Congress Uses the appointment to check the power of the Supreme Court Article 3 Judicial Branch Interpret legal cases of “Judicial power” Inferior courts are established by Congress Supreme Court justices serve for a lifetime The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over cases that involve: Cases involving public ministers and consuls Cases affecting ambassadors Cases that the state is involved in Guarantees trial by jury except for the impeachment John Adams, 2nd U.S president Midnight appointments to maintain the federalist supreme court Thomas Jefferson Francophile The Louisiana Purchase Declared the War of 1812, but failed Hartford Conference(convention): New England wanted to be independent from Jefferson Embargo against Britain: Inflation and economic crisis, but it made the American economy independent. John Q. Adams & Andrew Jackson are from Democratic Republicans party due to the collapse of the Federalist Party. John Q. Adams, U.S president, won the election of 1824 corrupt bargain(It’s not proven perfectly) Got the 2nd most electoral votes from the election of 1824, but cooperation with Henry Clay from Kentucky(West) With Q. Adams’ support, John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency in 1824 (At that time, the presidential and vice presidential elections were separated.) Henry Clay was appointed as the Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson, U.S president, won the election of 1828 Elected with the support of the common men from the universal suffrage From a poor family, he became famous after his command at the Battle of New Orleans 1st thing to do as a president: Indian Removal Act Held a party, invited everyone to this party after taking residence in the white house\ Veto for the 2nd national Bank: not in favor of the bank system. The Spoils System: Jackson appointed his people to the cabinet as political rewards The Anti-Federalist Party was created against Jackson. Cherokee Indians Adopted ‘white ways’ Had their alphabet and printed language Had a constitution Gold was discovered -> Cooked Toqueville French ambassador to study American democracy and social structure, and Prisons. He witnessed Jackson’s indian removal firsthand He saw Jackson as “a man of violent temper and middling capacity” American democracy from his P.O.V Inspiring the rest of the world Leveling human society on a universal scale An inescapable feature of the modern age His admiration & fear toward the American system: liberty and religion The biggest danger for the American system: Individualism Self-interest and individualism would prevent American citizens not to developing any goals higher than personal well-being Final US History Exam Guide 8-19 Chapter 8 The Old South Overall society Subtropical & humid climate, fits well for agriculture Cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo Only ¼ of the southerners could afford slaves About 4% of elite planters controlled most of the wealth(23,000) Medieval & the South Strict social hierarchy Adoption of the code of conduct, like the chivalric codes Society is composed of given roles High dependency on agriculture The South that the people, including Mark Twain, observed wasn’t the actual life of the average southern farmer, but it was cherished only by the elite classes. Slavery Began in Virginia, 1619 Didn’t have codified rules before the American independence The lives of slaves varied in regions, like the border states and the Deep South House slaves got better treatment than the field slaves Religion was the center of the slave societies, with enthusiastic music and hopeful stories like Moses’s exodus Slavery was inherited, and the family was often separated at the slave market Slaves resisted: work slowdowns, malingering, feigned illness, sabotage, and destroying the facilities, etc Abolitionist movements Harriet Tubman, Levi & Catherine Coffin, etc Motivated by the Haitian Revolution The Nat Turner Rebellion In Southampton County, Virginia Nat Turner was a field slave Believed that he had a religious zeal to lead a slave uprising, slaughtered 60 white neighbors Victims were mostly women and children 50 black participants were executed afterwards Accelerated the poor treatment and discrimination against the slaves in the South Virginia Assembly Discussed the existence of slavery Controversial, but slavery was maintained by 73 to 58 votes Illegalized to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write without permission Restricted all blacks from holding religious meetings without permission Showed that it was impossible to solve slavery in a peaceful way Chapter 9 The Gathering Storm The Missouri Compromise The earliest indication of a growing separation between the North and the South Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state That could break the balance between the free states and the slave states Congress separated the Northern part of MA from Maine as a free state Prohibited Slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30′ parallel, except for Missouri. The Mexican War American Immigrants in Texas(Protestants) vs Mexican government(Catholic) Mexico forced American immigrants to convert to Roman Catholic Santa Anna’s dictatorship led the rebellion in Texas Sam Houston led the rebellion, but it didn’t go well Santa Anna executed American POWs without mercy Battle of San Jacinto River: Huge American Victory, capturing Santa Anna The Republic of Texas was established Texas Annexation Jackson and Burren rejected Annexation so as not to cause trouble with Mexico. James K. Polk accepted Texas into the Union.n Polk sent General Taylor and Scott to attack Mexico(They didn’t accept the U.S ambassador) Captured Mexico City, signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Determined U.S.-Mexican border above the Rio Grande River 1 million miles of new territory added; Texas, Utah, New Mexico Territories 2nd biggest land acquisition after the Louisiana Purchase Wilmot Proviso Suggested by David Wilmot(Rep, PA) Prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico California Populated enough to be a state through a massive gold rush Wanted to join as a free state Senator Henry Clay’s deal Accepting California as a free state Instead, Congress passed a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act Plus, give the acquired territories the Popular Sovereignty Bleeding Kansas Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas & nebraska Kansas as a free state vs a slave state John Brown started the rebellion by attacking the federal arsenal The Rebellion failed, and Kansas became a slave state Dred Scott vs Sanford No citizenship for African Americans, regardless of their status Abraham Lincoln Elected as president in 1860, caused the first Southern States to secede from the Union Described slavery as “Thievery, injustice, and a stripping of limitless human opportunity and potential” Southern States seceded SC as the 1st Followed by MS, FL, TX, GA, LA, AL Chapter 10 The Civil War Fort Sumter, Charleston, SC The only Union base in the South Commanded by Major Robert Anderson Lincoln kept the supply line for food, but didn’t put any weapons in it. SC fired first, and Fort Sumter surrendered. 2nd Southern states seceded VA(except for WV), TN, AR, NC Border states(TN, MO, DE, MD) were kept in the Union North 22M population 23 states, Most of the nation’s industry, and the financial sector were in the North 70% of the railroads were in the North Most of the federal arsenals Ulysses Grant, Winfield Scott, George McClellan, Sherman South 9M population 11 states Well-educated and experienced military leaders Robert Lee, Joseph Johnston, Stonewall Jackson Winfield Scott Anaconda Plan Surrounding the Southern coastlines and riverbeds to block trading Draining the South slowly George McClellan Peninsula Campaign Experienced general, but hesitation was his weakness Got fired by Lincoln since he hesitated to attack Richmond due to his hesitation Lost the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single day of the Civil War Grant Commander in chief after McCllean Got famous from the Battle of Vicksburg Never retreated Utilized the resources that the Union had Sherman Sherman’s march to the sea Burning a 60-mile wide path from Atlanta to Savannah, GA The father of the American total war Battles Battle of Fort Sumter(The beginning of the Civil War) Battle of Chancellorsville(Lee & Jackson: the greatest southern victor) Battle of Antietam(The bloodiest single DAY) Battle of Gettysburg(The bloodiest single BATTLE, 53,000 casualties) Battle of Vicksburg (Grant got famous) Battle of Atlanta(Capturing Atlanta, destruction of southern transportation) Battle of Appomattox (The last battle of Lee, he surrendered afterwards) Emancipation Proclamation Executive Order from Lincoln to free all slaves Didn’t work Aftermaths 1.5M casualties 620,000 deaths, and 1 to 4 soldiers could never return home Martial law/Military governance in the South, divided into 5 military districts A violent argument over institutional slavery. Lincoln’s death Lincoln was assassinated by a pro-Confederate actor in the theater The worst thing happened to the South Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency Chapter 11 The Ordeal of Reconstruction The South Freed more than 4M slaves, estimated values of $4B Destroyed plantations due to the war The North The Morrill Tariff supported domestic industries The Homestead Act gave free land to attract immigrants and frontiersmen Uniform National banking system and the currency Lincoln’s reunification plan 10% of the people have to take the oath of loyalty Abolishment of slavery Radical Republicans’ plan(Wade-Davis Bill) The majority have to swear the oath of loyalty Former Confederates cannot vote After Lincoln's death, it was officially adopted Amendments added 13th: Abolishment of slavery 14th: Citizenship for the slaves, starting with birthright 15th: Universal voting suffrage, especially for Black men Andrew Johnson From TN(the South), born in a poor yeoman farmer family Not against slavery Vetoed: Freedmen’s Bureau, Civil Rights Act(citizenship for former slaves), Reconstruction Act(divide the South into 5 military districts) Overridden: The Civil Rights Act of 1866(the 1st in the history), the Reconstruction Act Impeachment: By Congress, but rejected by the Senate Ulysses Grant Won against Zachory Taylor(Democrats) His cabinet struggled with corruption The economic depression struck during his second term Freed slaves’ circumstances Couldn’t receive the “Forty acres and a mule” Sharecropping was a legal slavery, made it worse Consistent voting Oppression Compromise of 1877 Hayes and Tilden almost got a tie in the electoral college The South held the casting vote Republican promises to remove the last 2 military governments from the South(LA, SC) Democrats accepted the Reconstruction Amendments(13th, 14th, 15th) As a result, Hayes became the president Chapter 12 A Nation Transformed. The Grand Review at D.C General Sherman & General Meade Lasted for 2 days Uniform nation, but also a concern for the anti-federalists American Economic expansion At the time of the Grand review, it couldn’t be compared to the Europeans’ By 1900, the American GNP had surpassed major European world powers Succesful factors Mass capital(foreign + domestic) inflow and entrepreneurship Natural resources Cheap labor due to the mass immigration Railroad 35,000 miles(1865) to 193,000 miles(1900), more than in all of Europe The first big business in the nation Expensive: costing $36,000 a mile(average salary was $1000) Purchased 94% of the steel manufactured in the US Developed time zones Air Brake(G. Westinghouse) Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer Survival of the fittest Justification for imperialism/colonialism Corneilus Vanderbuilt Railroad King Started with running a ferry service in the city Owned the New York Central rail line Andrew Carnegie Steel King Vertical integration Implemented Bessmer Process Homestead Massacre (Mainly by Henry Frick) Sold his company to J.P Morgan Gospel of Wealth From a poor Scottish immigrant to the richest man in the US 77,000 tons to 11.4M tons John D. Rockefeller Oil King, the richest man ever The first monopolist Horizontal integration (Buying of competitor’s companies), America’s Beauty Rose Started the Standard Oil Company J.P Morgan Finance King Competition was useless for him Bought Carnegie Steel and created U.S Steel based on that Saved the government from bankruptcy TWICE Morganization(consolidate and restructure the business) Montgomery Wards First catalog shopping system Unions & Politics Samuel Gompers(AFL): skilled workers Molly Maguire: a bunch of main strikes like the Great Railroad Strike, or the Homestead Steel Strike Eugene Debs(the Socialist Party): populist politician, especially popular in OK Urbanization Cities’ population(3.3% to 33), increased by 48 times Dense and poor living conditions due to urban immigration Immigrants More than 20 million immigrants from all over the world Due to the unstable circumstances of their mother countries(the Potato Famine) or more opportunities(the American Dream) Boss Politics Political machine: an informal organization to buy and sell votes A smoke-filled room compromises Chapter 13 Becoming a world power American Isolationism Many Founding Fathers were isolationists By John Quincy Adams, “She goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy” City upon a hill Monroe Doctrine No European powers in the Western Hemisphere Drafted by John Quincy Adams Got ignored at first Imperialsm & Colonialism Imperialism: political, cultural, and economic dominance abroad Colonialism: for settlements Discriminating perspectives “Chirinaize and cilize” the world White men’s burden American works for the benefit of mankind Proclaimed the natural rights of mankind Informed others of those natural rights Encourages liberty Important publishings “Social Gospel” by Josiah Strong “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” by Alfred Thayer Mahan Annexations(Reasonings) Alaska(Seward bought it from Russia, considered useless at first) Samoa and Hawaii(Mckinely Tariffs and Japan) Spanish-American War packages Cuba(Public opinion, USS Maine, Yellow Journalism) Philippines(Proximity to China) Guam + Puertorico Phillipines Fought against the Spanish with Americans(Admiral Dewey) Colonized afterwards, resistance occurred(Emilio Aguinaldo) Howard Taft was sent as a governor to neutralize conflicts Promised independence in the future (Jones Act) Chinese failures Defeat of the Opium War and the Sino-Japanese War Boxer Rebellion(failed) Those failures half colonized China under 5 imperial powers: Russia, Japan, G.B, France, and Germany Open Door Policy McKinley & John Hay All nations have equal trade access to China Preventing trade monopoly in China Fairly Generous suggestion chapter 14 The Progressive Era Progressive reforms Direct election of U.S. senators Universal Women’s Suffrage Allowed citizens to propose and vote on laws and remove elected officials. Minimum wage, no child labor, 8-hour workday Wisconsin was the most progressive state The Prohibition of Alcohol 18th Amendment No manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol Supported Mafias and bootleggers instead Progress and Poverty An influential progressive philosophy book by Henry George A disinterested leader: judges only based on the public interest People are bad and good as a function of systems and institutions Eugenics McKinley vs Jennings Bryan McKinley(republican) vs Bryan(Populist party) McKinley won the election by 51% to 48% Muckcracers From John Bunyan’s term, “muckrakers” Special reporters, if defined Upton Sinclair, in The Jungle, reveals the unsanitary conditions of sausage factories. Ida Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company, reveals dirty monopoly methods. Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Rills, etc Teddy Roosevelt Became the president after McKinley’s assassination Overcame his physical weakness with mental discipline and exercises Began the era of progressive presidents Square Deal: control big businesses, protect consumers, and nature The most proud of: Conservation and the National Parks The election of 1908 Taft(republican) vs TR(Bull Moose Party) vs Woodrow Wilson(Democrats) Republican votes were split, making Wilson a winner Woodrow Wilson The foster child of the Progressive Era Viewed as an outmatched nerdy guy at the Paris Peace Conference Defined the Constitution as “defective and inadequate” An idealistic perspective toward the flows Schoolmaster, NJ governor, pioneer of public administration Chapter 15 WW1 The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia The Serbian radical nationalist group “Black Hand” killed the Archduke Triggered the dominoes of secret alliances Austria attacked Serbia with Germany Russia protected Serbia as an ally…DOMINOES Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente UK, France, and Russia The United States American Isolationism(neutrality), but still supplied war rations to the Entente. The Lusitania was sunk, which included 128 American passengers Zimmerman Telegram, Germany provoked Mexico to attack the US Made in USA freedom delivery to germany launched accordingly First Battle of Marne Destroyed the hope of an early victory for the Germans Delaying the marches with trenches Saved Paries from getting captured Battle of Verdun The French Army’s trench tactics Huge losses on both sides of the battle, but the Entente won 1 million casualties Battle of the Somme British and French forces attacked German troops to support Verdun First usage of a tank War Industires Board(WIB) Led by Bernard Baruch Oversaw the production of military rations and supplies U.S Food Administration Led by Herbert Hoover Managed food production and distributed it to the warfronts Campaigns to conserve food, like Meatless Monday or Wheatless Wednesday The other war organization The Railroad Administration: Controls traffic The Fuel Administration: Institution of Daylight Saving The National War Labor Board: Distributing labor forces 4 Minute Men Produced by The Creel Committee Propaganda to sell war bonds…etc Expionage Act of 1917 Illegal to talk about military stuff Illegal to avoid the draft Mails could be censored The sedition Act of 1918 Illegal to speak against; government, the constitution, and the military Eugene Debs was sentenced to 10 years for this Unlimited Submarine Tactics Sink any ships regardless of their status in British waters Got the US into WWI American Expeditionary Forces(AEF) U.S troops to support the Europeans Commanded by John J. Pershing, not by Europeans 10% of the entire European population was gone Treaty of Versailles Self-evident mistake Hyperinflation in Germany due to war reparations Dawe’s Act to reduce German reparation pressure Alliances’ colonies were redistributed to the Entente countries The 14 Points FREE trade without any tariffs or quotas League of Nations Redrawing the Map of Europe Wasn’t heard, and the U.S. couldn’t even join the League of Nations Reflected Wilson’s unrealistic, but idealistic Chapter 16 From Boom to Bust Post WWI Had an unstable economy with a disorderly mess War veterans couldn’t adapt to society High unemployment The Roaring 20s Andrew Mellon’s expansionary economic policies The international flow of cash was heading to the U.S Organized crime hit its peak due to the prohibition Social Changes Universal Women’s Suffrage: didn’t change the election results that much Automobile, electricity, and advertising industries Emergence of gas stations, retail shops, and shopping centers due to the automobile Children became the center of the family The golden era during the 1920s Americans held 40% of the world's wealth The standard of living increased by 35% Racial Discrimniation Lynching Re-emergence of the KKK had 4 million members The Red Wave Bolshevik Revolution and the “Red Scare” The Palmer Raids: more than 6,000 people arrested Spanish Flu Killed 750,000 Americans Killed 22 million globally Warren G. Harding Return to normalcy, targeted Americans got tired of the wars Scandals, corruption, and Colorless Led the economic success with Mellon Died from a heart attack Corruption of the Harding Cabinet Poker cabinet: Harding’s poker mates became the ministers The Teapot Dome Scandal Albert Fall became the first one within the cabinet to be arrested Calvin Coolidge Succeded Harding Laissez-faire policy, without government intervention Silent and serious dude Viewed the Constitution as “Just as good as it is. Herbert Hoover International mine engineer The food administration, manager of the Dawes Plan to save Europe Conservative, no government intervention The Black Friday Bubbled prices of the stock market suddenly got “normal” It was the beginning of the Great Depression, not the reason Chapter 17 The New Deal Reconstruction Finance Corporation(RFC) Offer emergency relief loans to the key institutions and big businesses Didn’t work, since the people couldn’t receive the opportunity directly Government intervention was minimized Bankruns People were scared of losing money during the depression A bank run happened, which caused more than 5,000 banks to close Bonus Army Due to the delayed compensation payments, WWI veterans marched on D.C Hoover ordered MacArthur to stop them Tanks, cavalry, and soldiers with fixed bayonets were there FDR Fear the fear itself Direct communication with the people Court Packing to control the Judiciary: impression of a power-hungry dictator Utilzed Radio really well The New Deal Tennesse Valley Autrhity(TVA): Dam construction Social Security Administration (SSA): Nest egg for retirement FDIC: Emergency loan for the bank, restoring trust in the bank's assets National Industry Recovery Act(NIRA): regulates industry, creates jobs, protects workers The Wagner Act: Let workers be in a Union Didn’t solve the Great Depression perfectly. It was WW2 Chapter 19 Post WW2 Immedient WW2 Fallout Federal expenditure went up 1,000% from 1939 to 1945 (WW2) Brief recession, serious labour and housing shortages, strikes in major industries like auto, coal, and steel. These turbulent times proved negligible. Came and went very quickly, and the economy started to rise. The Great American Boom * Saved up funds from wartime curfews, low import goods, and more made people have lots of pent-up money made people want to spend money instead of saving it, like in the depression. * New tech like the TV, Dryer, Washing machine, and more helped in spending * The highest standard of living seen yet * GNP (Gross National Product) doubled, from $355 billion in 1945 to $723 billion in 1970. * GNP Per Capita Income went from $1,870 to $3,050 Auto Industry * The automobile industry rose as there was a massive increase in the production of cars (8 Million cars), which was 8 times the amount during the war. * Consumed 1/5thof the steel and 2/3rds of the rubber produced domestically * 37,000 miles of new highway to be built (1947) * 42,500 miles of interstate highways. * 10 million people lived in the suburbsAbsoulte Su

Final US History Exam Guide 1-6

“The study of history is about the middle of things.”
Wilfred McClay.

Settlers came to America.
There are no native americans, but they were just there before Columbus
First settlers are from Asia, through the Bering Sea, around 20,000 -30,000 years ago
The first European settlers were Vikings, even before Columbus

European interests 
The Crusades movement was the first contact of Europe with Asian wealth
The collapse of Constantinople made the oriental trade impossible, greatly motivating European powers to reach India and China directly towards the east

Sailors
Development of caraval(can sail against the wind), astrolabe & compass , mapping skills, gunpowder & canon made it easier,
Henry the Navigator founded the nautical school in Lisbon, Portugal
Vasco Da gama: reached India, but was killed by Filipinos, the first to sail around the African continent.

Christopher Columbus
With Spanish funding from the King, he found America.
Since it was not India with no spice and gold, his voyage was deemed a failure, instead believing that he was close to China, and with one more push past, he would find it.
He made in total made 4 voyages to the New World, and died on the last voyage. 
He believed that he had found India, not America.

Meso-America
Mayas, Aztecs(tenochtitlan, Mexico), and Incas(west coast of south america)
First migration from Northeast Asia, through the Bering Sea, 14-16 K years ago
Slash and burn farming method.
Social hierarchy: Kings-Nobility-Priests-Artisans and Merchants-peasants and slaves
Human sacrifice for agricultural abundance among the Aztecs
The population of North America was 10 M, with 240 different languages
The Algonquian tribe is described by John White(organizer of the first English colony at Roanoke)

Canada
Right of discovery by John Cabot
East of Canada became the land under Henry 7

Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors sent from the mainland, supported by the Treaty of Tordesillas’
Utilized: the union with the native tribes, metal weapons, and cannons. 
Hernán Cortez: conquered Aztec
Francisco Pizzaro: conquered Inca
Marin Arizmendi: conquered Maya
Columbian exchange: cultural, physical exchanges between Europe and America
From Europe: smallpox and other diseases, horses and other animals, slavery, Christianity
From America: gold, silver, slaves, potato, tomato, tobacco, and chocolate.

Religious reformation
The Roman Catholic church’s corruption
Selling indulgences, collecting religious taxes, and excommunication from the church
Martin Luther: The 95 Theses
John Calvin: Predestination, salvation
Calvinists: Puritans, separatists, pilgrims
Henry the 8th: The Anglican church due to his remarriage

Queen Elizabeth and her sea dogs destroyed the Spanish Armada, making England the top.

New England colony 
With the Toleration Act of 1649, Calvinists migrated to New England for religious reasons.
Puritans: wanted to purify the catholic church
Separatist: wanted to be separated from the church of England 
Pilgrims wanted the spiritual journey

Jamestown(Virginia)
Captain John Smith, “If you don’t work, you don’t eat.”
Grew tobacco to trade for necessary things with the others

Rhode Island
Roger Williams, religious freedom.

Maryland
Lord Baltimore, catholic -> religious freedom to attract more people

Massachusetts Bay
John Winthrop, with 7 ships in 1630, set a goal as ‘City upon a  hill’

Roughly 14,000 settlers decreased to 1,200 in the first years of English settlement.

Politics in New England
The first house of legislature was in Plymouth, Virginia 1649(Burgesses)
Glorious Revolution 1688(The period of Salutary Neglect) in Britain made the mainland government ignorant

Great Awakening: revival of old religion and philosophy
John Locke and his social contract theory inspired the separation of powers
Natural rights
Benjamin Franklin led the Enlightenment in America
Early colonial founders were Deists, who thought God was a watchmaker
Heart of the American Revolution is ‘Self Rule’

French and indian war: Benjamin Franklin called the Albany Congress to make the Union

British actions against America in historical order
The Stamp Act: taxes on various documents and printed materials
The Declaratory Act: British Parliament can make any necessary law to rule colonies
The Townshend Act: taxes on imported goods
The Tea Act: British monopoly in the American tea market
The Boston Tea Party occurred to protest against the British tea monopoly
The Intolerable Act(Coercive Act): restricted political activities, and closed Boston Harbor until the debt from the Boston Tea Party was paid
The Quartering Act: forced to provide housing + food to British soldiers 
The Sugar Act: to reduce smuggling(or ‘free trade’).

Declaration of Independence 1776
Notifying of separation, listing of grievances, stating natural rights
Thomas Jefferson and the Founding Fathers

George Washington
First U.S president and chief commander of the Continental Army
From Virginia, stipulated to volunteer as the army leader
American isolationism: Jay’s treaty
Battles he led to victory in historical order
Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775): 
The first military engagements of the war, when the Continental Army forced British troops to retreat to Boston.
Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775): 
Although technically a British victory, the Continental Army inflicted heavy casualties on British forces.
Battle of Trenton (December 26, 1776): 
A surprise attack by George Washington's forces that resulted in a crucial victory, taking the Prussian(German) forces outta the war.
Battle of Saratoga (September 19 – October 7, 1777): 
This decisive victory convinced France to join the war as an ally of the American cause.
Battle of Kings Mountain (October 7, 1780): 
A significant victory in the Southern campaign that boosted Patriot morale.
Battle of Cowpens (January 17, 1781): 
Another important Southern victory that helped turn the tide in favor of the Continental Army.
Battle of Yorktown (September 29 – October 19, 1781): 
The final major battle of the war, resulting in the surrender of British General Cornwallis and effectively ending the conflict, with French support

The battle he lost
Battle of Long Island (August 27, 1776):
 This was one of the largest battles of the war and resulted in a significant defeat for the Continental Army, forcing them to retreat from New York City.
Battle of White Plains (October 28, 1776): Although the battle itself was inconclusive, it was part of a series of defeats that forced Washington's army to retreat further.
Battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778): This battle was technically a draw, but it was considered a missed opportunity for Washington to inflict a decisive defeat on the British forces.
His forces were at their lowest number in the Battle of Morristown, due to smallpox.
His force had to endure the cold winter at Valley Forge.e

Winning factors
British corruption and failures were similar to the Romans’
French support: Due to the beefy relationship with Britain, and to regain land they lost from the French Indian War. 
Inspiration for the battles: ‘Common Sense by Thomas Paine, American Crisis

American Government structure
Tried to avoid the ‘Abuse of Power’, ‘Check & Balance’
Funding: Land sales to the frontiers and ask the states to volunteer funds
States could charge taxes, make their treaties, and print their own money
Shay’s Rebellion required a stronger federal government

Constitution
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was held privately
Derives its power and authority from ‘The People’
The absence of the ‘Bill of Rights’ was the major argument about it
5 liberties were listed in the First Amendment of the U.S Constitution
John Jay, James Maddison, and Alexander Hamilton wrote The Federalist Papers to support the American Constitution

Article 1, Legislative Branch
 Congress has the power to make laws of “legislative power.”

House of Representatives
have been a citizen for 7 years, and +25 years old
2-year term
Impeachment power

The Senate 
2 senators for each state, have to be a citizen for 9 years, +30 years old
6 years term, and ⅓ of senators are elected in the 2-term election 
To override, veto, or impeach a student, ⅔ of the congress should agree with that

Congress uses defunding, impeachment, and confirmation of appointments to balance presidential power.

Article 2: Executive branch
Carry out laws, or “executive powers”
Electors chosen by each state elect the President
Natural born citizen and at least 35 years old. 
4-years term(Hamilton wanted lifetime service), and can run twice
Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
Has the power to grant reprieves and pardons
Make treaties, appoint ambassadors, and appoint Supreme Court justices
Uses the veto to check the power of Congress
Uses the appointment to check the power of the Supreme Court

Article 3 Judicial Branch
Interpret legal cases of “Judicial power”
Inferior courts are established by Congress
Supreme Court justices serve for a lifetime
The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over cases that involve:
Cases involving public ministers and consuls
Cases affecting ambassadors
Cases that the state is involved in
Guarantees trial by jury except for the impeachment

John Adams, 2nd U.S president
Midnight appointments to maintain the federalist supreme court

Thomas Jefferson
Francophile
The Louisiana Purchase
Declared the War of 1812, but failed
Hartford Conference(convention): New England wanted to be independent from Jefferson 
Embargo against Britain: Inflation and economic crisis, but it made the American economy independent.

John Q. Adams & Andrew Jackson are from Democratic Republicans party due to the collapse of the Federalist Party.

John Q. Adams, U.S president, won the election of 1824
corrupt bargain(It’s not proven perfectly)
Got the 2nd most electoral votes from the election of 1824, but cooperation with Henry Clay from Kentucky(West)
With Q. Adams’ support, John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency in 1824
(At that time, the presidential and vice presidential elections were separated.)
Henry Clay was appointed as the Secretary of State.

Andrew Jackson, U.S president, won the election of 1828
Elected with  the support of the common men from the universal suffrage 
From a poor family, he became famous after his command at the Battle of New Orleans
1st thing to do as a president: Indian Removal Act
Held a party, invited everyone to this party after taking residence in the white house\
Veto for the 2nd national Bank: not in favor of the bank system.
The Spoils System: Jackson appointed his people to the cabinet as political rewards
The Anti-Federalist Party was created against Jackson.

Cherokee Indians
Adopted ‘white ways’
Had their alphabet and printed language
Had a constitution
Gold was discovered -> Cooked

Toqueville
French ambassador to study American democracy and social structure, and Prisons.
He witnessed Jackson’s indian removal firsthand
He saw Jackson as “a man of violent temper and middling capacity”

American democracy from his P.O.V
Inspiring the rest of the world
Leveling human society on a universal scale
An inescapable feature of the modern age
His admiration & fear toward the American system: liberty and religion 
The biggest danger for the American system: Individualism
Self-interest and individualism would prevent American citizens not to developing any goals higher than personal well-being

Final US History Exam Guide 8-19
Chapter 8
The Old South

Overall society
Subtropical & humid climate, fits well for agriculture
Cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo
Only ¼ of the southerners could afford slaves
About 4% of elite planters controlled most of the wealth(23,000)

Medieval & the South
Strict social hierarchy
Adoption of the code of conduct, like the chivalric codes
Society is composed of given roles
High dependency on agriculture

The South that the people, including Mark Twain, observed wasn’t the actual life of the average southern farmer, but it was cherished only by the elite classes.

Slavery
Began in Virginia, 1619
Didn’t have codified rules before the American independence
The lives of slaves varied in regions, like the border states and the Deep South
House slaves got better treatment than the field slaves
Religion was the center of the slave societies, with enthusiastic music and hopeful stories like Moses’s exodus
Slavery was inherited, and the family was often separated at the slave market
Slaves resisted: work slowdowns, malingering, feigned illness, sabotage, and destroying the facilities, etc

Abolitionist movements
Harriet Tubman, Levi & Catherine Coffin, etc
Motivated by the Haitian Revolution

The Nat Turner Rebellion
In Southampton County, Virginia
Nat Turner was a field slave
Believed that he had a religious zeal to lead a slave uprising, slaughtered 60 white neighbors
Victims were mostly women and children
50 black participants were executed afterwards
Accelerated the poor treatment and discrimination against the slaves in the South

Virginia Assembly
Discussed the existence of slavery
Controversial, but slavery was maintained by 73 to 58 votes
Illegalized to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write without permission
Restricted all blacks from holding religious meetings without permission
Showed that it was impossible to solve slavery in a peaceful way

Chapter 9
The Gathering Storm

The Missouri Compromise 
The earliest indication of a growing separation between the North and the South
Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state
That could break the balance between the free states and the slave states
Congress separated the Northern part of MA from Maine as a free state 
Prohibited Slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30′ parallel, except for Missouri.

The Mexican War
American Immigrants in Texas(Protestants)  vs Mexican government(Catholic)
Mexico forced American immigrants to convert to Roman Catholic
Santa Anna’s dictatorship led the rebellion in Texas
Sam Houston led the rebellion, but it didn’t go well
Santa Anna executed American POWs without mercy
Battle of San Jacinto River: Huge American Victory, capturing Santa Anna
The Republic of Texas was established

Texas Annexation
Jackson and Burren rejected Annexation so as not to cause trouble with Mexico.
James K. Polk accepted Texas into the Union.n
Polk sent General Taylor and Scott to attack Mexico(They didn’t accept the U.S ambassador)
Captured Mexico City, signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Determined U.S.-Mexican border above the Rio Grande River
1 million miles of new territory added; Texas, Utah, New Mexico Territories
2nd biggest land acquisition after the Louisiana Purchase

Wilmot Proviso
Suggested by David Wilmot(Rep, PA)
Prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

California 
Populated enough to be a state through a massive gold rush
Wanted to join as a free state

Senator Henry Clay’s deal
Accepting California as a free state
Instead, Congress passed a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act
Plus, give the acquired territories the Popular Sovereignty

Bleeding Kansas
Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas & nebraska
Kansas as a free state vs  a slave state
John Brown started the rebellion by attacking the federal arsenal
The Rebellion failed, and Kansas became a slave state

Dred Scott vs Sanford
No citizenship for African Americans, regardless of their status

Abraham Lincoln
Elected as president in 1860,
caused the first Southern States to secede from the Union
Described slavery as “Thievery, injustice, and a stripping of limitless human opportunity and potential”

Southern States seceded
SC as the 1st 
Followed by MS, FL, TX, GA, LA, AL

Chapter 10
The Civil War

Fort Sumter, Charleston, SC
The only Union base in the South
Commanded by Major Robert Anderson
Lincoln kept the supply line for food, but didn’t put any weapons in it.
SC fired first, and Fort Sumter surrendered.

2nd Southern states seceded
VA(except for WV), TN, AR, NC
Border states(TN, MO, DE, MD) were kept in the Union

North
22M population
23 states, Most of the nation’s industry, and the financial sector were in the North
70% of the railroads were in the North 
Most of the federal arsenals 
Ulysses Grant, Winfield Scott, George McClellan, Sherman

South
9M population
11 states
Well-educated and experienced military leaders
Robert Lee, Joseph Johnston, Stonewall Jackson

Winfield Scott
Anaconda Plan
Surrounding the Southern coastlines and riverbeds to block trading
Draining the South slowly

George McClellan
Peninsula Campaign
Experienced general, but hesitation was his weakness
Got fired by Lincoln since he hesitated to attack Richmond due to his hesitation
Lost the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single day of the Civil War

Grant
Commander in chief after McCllean
Got famous from the Battle of Vicksburg
Never retreated 
Utilized the resources that the Union had

Sherman
Sherman’s march to the sea
Burning a 60-mile wide path from Atlanta to Savannah, GA
The father of the American total war

Battles
Battle of Fort Sumter(The beginning of the Civil War)
Battle of Chancellorsville(Lee & Jackson: the greatest southern victor) 
Battle of Antietam(The bloodiest single DAY)
Battle of Gettysburg(The bloodiest single BATTLE, 53,000 casualties)
Battle of Vicksburg (Grant got famous)
Battle of Atlanta(Capturing Atlanta, destruction of southern transportation)
Battle of Appomattox (The last battle of Lee, he surrendered afterwards)

Emancipation Proclamation
Executive Order from Lincoln to free all slaves 
Didn’t work

Aftermaths
1.5M casualties
620,000 deaths, and 1 to 4 soldiers could never return home
Martial law/Military governance in the South, divided into 5 military districts
A violent argument over institutional slavery.

Lincoln’s death
Lincoln was assassinated by a pro-Confederate actor in the theater
The worst thing happened to the South
Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency

Chapter 11
The Ordeal of Reconstruction

The South
Freed more than 4M slaves, estimated values of $4B 
Destroyed plantations due to the war

The North
The Morrill Tariff supported domestic industries
The Homestead Act gave free land to attract immigrants and frontiersmen
Uniform National banking system and the currency

Lincoln’s reunification plan
10% of the people have to take the oath of loyalty 
Abolishment of slavery

Radical Republicans’ plan(Wade-Davis Bill)
The majority have to swear the oath of loyalty
Former Confederates cannot vote
After Lincoln's death, it was officially adopted

Amendments added
13th: Abolishment of slavery
14th: Citizenship for the slaves, starting with birthright 
15th: Universal voting suffrage, especially for Black men

Andrew Johnson
From TN(the South), born in a poor yeoman farmer family
Not against slavery 
Vetoed: Freedmen’s Bureau, Civil Rights Act(citizenship for former slaves), Reconstruction Act(divide the South into 5 military districts)
Overridden: The Civil Rights Act of 1866(the 1st in the history), the Reconstruction Act
Impeachment: By Congress, but rejected by the Senate

Ulysses Grant 
Won against Zachory Taylor(Democrats)
His cabinet struggled with corruption
The economic depression struck during his second term

Freed slaves’ circumstances
Couldn’t receive the “Forty acres and a mule”
Sharecropping was a legal slavery, made it worse
Consistent voting Oppression

Compromise of 1877
Hayes and Tilden almost got a tie in the electoral college
The South held the casting vote
Republican promises to remove the last 2 military governments from the South(LA, SC)
Democrats accepted the Reconstruction Amendments(13th, 14th, 15th)
As a result, Hayes became the president

Chapter 12
A Nation Transformed.

The Grand Review at D.C
General Sherman & General Meade
Lasted for 2 days
Uniform nation, but also a concern for the anti-federalists

American Economic expansion
At the time of the Grand review, it couldn’t be compared to the Europeans’
By 1900, the American GNP had surpassed major European world powers

Succesful factors
Mass capital(foreign + domestic) inflow and entrepreneurship
Natural resources
Cheap labor due to the mass immigration

Railroad 
35,000 miles(1865) to 193,000 miles(1900), more than in all of Europe
The first big business in the nation
Expensive: costing $36,000 a mile(average salary was $1000)
Purchased 94% of the steel manufactured in the US
Developed time zones
Air Brake(G. Westinghouse)

Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
Survival of the fittest
Justification for imperialism/colonialism

Corneilus Vanderbuilt
Railroad King
Started with running a ferry service in the city
Owned the New York Central rail line

Andrew Carnegie
Steel King
Vertical integration
Implemented Bessmer Process
Homestead Massacre (Mainly by Henry Frick)
Sold his company to J.P Morgan
Gospel of Wealth
From a poor Scottish immigrant to the richest man in the US
77,000 tons to 11.4M tons

John D. Rockefeller
Oil King, the richest man ever 
The first monopolist
Horizontal integration (Buying of competitor’s companies), America’s Beauty Rose
Started the Standard Oil Company

J.P Morgan
Finance King
Competition was useless for him
Bought Carnegie Steel and created U.S Steel based on that
Saved the government from bankruptcy TWICE
Morganization(consolidate and restructure the business)

Montgomery Wards
First catalog shopping system

Unions & Politics
Samuel Gompers(AFL): skilled workers
Molly Maguire: a bunch of main strikes like the Great Railroad Strike, or the Homestead Steel Strike 
Eugene Debs(the Socialist Party): populist politician, especially popular in OK

Urbanization
Cities’ population(3.3% to 33), increased by 48 times
Dense and poor living conditions due to urban immigration

Immigrants
More than 20 million immigrants from all over the world 
Due to the unstable circumstances of their mother countries(the Potato Famine)
or more opportunities(the American Dream)

Boss Politics
Political machine: an informal organization to buy and sell votes
A smoke-filled room compromises

Chapter 13
Becoming a world power

American Isolationism 
Many Founding Fathers were isolationists
By John Quincy Adams, “She goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy”
City upon a hill

Monroe Doctrine
No European powers in the Western Hemisphere
Drafted by John Quincy Adams
Got ignored at first

Imperialsm & Colonialism
Imperialism: political, cultural, and economic dominance abroad
Colonialism: for settlements

Discriminating perspectives
“Chirinaize and cilize” the world
White men’s burden

American works for the benefit of mankind
Proclaimed the natural rights of mankind
Informed others of those natural rights
Encourages liberty

Important publishings
“Social Gospel” by Josiah Strong
“The Influence of Sea Power upon History” by Alfred Thayer Mahan

Annexations(Reasonings)
Alaska(Seward bought it from Russia, considered useless at first)
Samoa and Hawaii(Mckinely Tariffs and Japan)

Spanish-American War packages
Cuba(Public opinion, USS Maine, Yellow Journalism)
Philippines(Proximity to China)
Guam + Puertorico

Phillipines
Fought against the Spanish with Americans(Admiral Dewey)
Colonized afterwards, resistance occurred(Emilio Aguinaldo)
Howard Taft was sent as a governor to neutralize conflicts 
Promised independence in the future (Jones Act)

Chinese failures
Defeat of the Opium War and the Sino-Japanese War 
Boxer Rebellion(failed)
Those failures half colonized China under 5 imperial powers:
Russia, Japan, G.B, France, and Germany

Open Door Policy
McKinley & John Hay
All nations have equal trade access to China
Preventing trade monopoly in China
Fairly Generous suggestion
chapter 14
The Progressive Era

Progressive reforms
Direct election of U.S. senators
Universal Women’s Suffrage
Allowed citizens to propose and vote on laws and remove elected officials.
Minimum wage, no child labor, 8-hour workday
Wisconsin was the most progressive state

The Prohibition of Alcohol
18th Amendment
No manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol 
Supported Mafias and bootleggers instead

Progress and Poverty
An influential progressive philosophy book by Henry George
A disinterested leader: judges only based on the public interest
People are bad and good as a function of systems and institutions
Eugenics

McKinley vs Jennings Bryan
McKinley(republican) vs Bryan(Populist party)
McKinley won the election by 51% to 48%

Muckcracers
From John Bunyan’s term, “muckrakers”
Special reporters, if defined 
Upton Sinclair, in The Jungle, reveals the unsanitary conditions of sausage factories.
Ida Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company, reveals dirty monopoly methods.
Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Rills, etc

Teddy Roosevelt
Became the president after McKinley’s assassination
Overcame his physical weakness with mental discipline and exercises
Began the era of progressive presidents
Square Deal: control big businesses, protect consumers, and nature
The most proud of: Conservation and the National Parks

The election of 1908
Taft(republican) vs TR(Bull Moose Party) vs Woodrow Wilson(Democrats)
Republican votes were split, making Wilson a winner

Woodrow Wilson
The foster child of the Progressive Era
Viewed as an outmatched nerdy guy at the Paris Peace Conference
Defined the Constitution as “defective and inadequate”
An idealistic perspective toward the flows
Schoolmaster, NJ governor, pioneer of public administration

Chapter 15
WW1

The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia
The Serbian radical nationalist group “Black Hand” killed the Archduke
Triggered the dominoes of secret alliances
Austria attacked Serbia with Germany
Russia protected Serbia as an ally…DOMINOES

Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente
UK, France, and Russia

The United States
American Isolationism(neutrality), but still supplied war rations to the Entente.
The Lusitania was sunk, which included 128  American passengers
Zimmerman Telegram, Germany provoked Mexico to attack the US
Made in USA freedom delivery to germany launched accordingly

First Battle of Marne
Destroyed the hope of an early victory for the Germans
Delaying the marches with trenches
Saved Paries from getting captured

Battle of Verdun
The French Army’s trench tactics
Huge losses on both sides of the battle, but the Entente won
1 million casualties

Battle of the Somme
British and French forces attacked German troops to support Verdun
First usage of a tank

War Industires Board(WIB)
Led by Bernard Baruch
Oversaw the production of military rations and supplies

U.S Food Administration
Led by Herbert Hoover
Managed food production and distributed it to the warfronts
Campaigns to conserve food, like Meatless Monday or Wheatless Wednesday

The other war organization
The Railroad Administration: Controls traffic
The Fuel Administration: Institution of Daylight Saving
The National War Labor Board: Distributing labor forces

4 Minute Men
Produced by The Creel Committee
Propaganda to sell war bonds…etc

Expionage Act of 1917
Illegal to talk about military stuff
Illegal to avoid the draft
Mails could be censored

The sedition Act of 1918
Illegal to speak against; government, the constitution, and the military
Eugene Debs was sentenced to 10 years for this

Unlimited Submarine Tactics
Sink any ships regardless of their status in British waters
Got the US into WWI

American Expeditionary Forces(AEF)
U.S troops to support the Europeans
Commanded by John J. Pershing, not by Europeans

10% of the entire European population was gone

Treaty of Versailles
Self-evident mistake 
Hyperinflation in Germany due to war reparations
Dawe’s Act to reduce German reparation pressure
Alliances’ colonies were redistributed to the Entente countries

The 14 Points
FREE trade without any tariffs or quotas
League of Nations
Redrawing the Map of Europe
Wasn’t heard, and the U.S. couldn’t even join the League of Nations 
Reflected Wilson’s unrealistic, but idealistic 
Chapter 16
From Boom to Bust

Post WWI
Had an unstable economy with a disorderly mess
War veterans couldn’t adapt to society
High unemployment

The Roaring 20s
Andrew Mellon’s expansionary economic policies
The international flow of cash was heading to the U.S
Organized crime hit its peak due to the prohibition

Social Changes
Universal Women’s Suffrage: didn’t change the election results that much
Automobile, electricity, and advertising industries
Emergence of gas stations, retail shops, and shopping centers due to the automobile
Children became the center of the family

The golden era during the 1920s
Americans held 40% of the world's wealth
The standard of living increased by 35%

Racial Discrimniation
Lynching
Re-emergence of the KKK had 4 million members

The Red Wave
Bolshevik Revolution and the “Red Scare”
The Palmer Raids: more than 6,000 people arrested

Spanish Flu
Killed 750,000 Americans
Killed 22 million globally

Warren G. Harding
Return to normalcy, targeted Americans got tired of the wars 
Scandals, corruption, and Colorless
Led the economic success with Mellon
Died from a heart attack

Corruption of the Harding Cabinet
Poker cabinet: Harding’s poker mates became the ministers
The Teapot Dome Scandal 
Albert Fall became the first one within the cabinet to be arrested

Calvin Coolidge
Succeded Harding
Laissez-faire policy, without government intervention
Silent and serious dude 
Viewed the Constitution as “Just as good as it is.

Herbert Hoover
International mine engineer
The food administration, manager of the Dawes Plan to save Europe
Conservative, no government intervention

The Black Friday
Bubbled prices of the stock market suddenly got “normal”
It was the beginning of the Great Depression, not the reason
Chapter 17
The New Deal

Reconstruction Finance Corporation(RFC)
Offer emergency relief loans to the key institutions and big businesses
Didn’t work, since the people couldn’t receive the opportunity directly
Government intervention was minimized

Bankruns
People were scared of losing money during the depression
A bank run happened, which caused more than 5,000 banks to close

Bonus Army
Due to the delayed compensation payments, WWI veterans marched on D.C
Hoover ordered MacArthur to stop them
Tanks, cavalry, and soldiers with fixed bayonets were there

FDR 
Fear the fear itself
Direct communication with the people
Court Packing to control the Judiciary: impression of a power-hungry dictator
Utilzed Radio really well

The New Deal
Tennesse Valley Autrhity(TVA): Dam construction
Social Security Administration (SSA): Nest egg for retirement 
FDIC: Emergency loan for the bank, restoring trust in the bank's assets
National Industry Recovery Act(NIRA): regulates industry, creates jobs, protects workers
The Wagner Act: Let workers be in a Union 
Didn’t solve the Great Depression perfectly. It was WW2

Chapter 19
Post WW2

Immedient WW2 Fallout

Federal expenditure went up 1,000% from 1939 to 1945 (WW2)

Brief recession, serious labour and housing shortages, strikes in major industries like auto, coal, and steel.

These turbulent times proved negligible. Came and went very quickly, and the economy started to rise.

The Great American Boom

* Saved up funds from wartime curfews, low import goods, and more made people have lots of pent-up money made people want to spend money instead of saving it, like in the depression.
* New tech like the TV, Dryer, Washing machine, and more helped in spending
* The highest standard of living seen yet
* GNP (Gross National Product) doubled, from $355 billion in 1945 to $723 billion in 1970.
* GNP Per Capita Income went from $1,870 to $3,050
Auto Industry
* The automobile industry rose as there was a massive increase in the production of cars (8 Million cars), which was 8 times the amount during the war. 
* Consumed 1/5thof  the steel and 2/3rds of the rubber produced domestically
* 37,000 miles of new highway to be built (1947)
* 42,500 miles of interstate highways.
* 10 million people lived in the suburbsAbsoulte Su

Transcript for:Comprehensive US History Exam Overview

Transcript for:
Comprehensive US History Exam Overview