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Describe the role of sodium-potassium ATPase in the proximal tubule.
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It facilitates primary active transport important for reabsorbing sodium.
Describe the filtration fraction in the context of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Filtration fraction is defined as the GFR divided by the renal plasma flow.
What stimulates the reabsorption of free water in the collecting ducts?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin.
What is the function of intercalated cells in the collecting duct?
They manage acid-base balance by reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons.
What percentage of cardiac output is accounted for by renal blood flow?
20-25% of cardiac output.
Which cell types in the distal convoluted tubule are responsible for reabsorbing salt and water in response to aldosterone?
Principal Cells.
Why is the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle important?
It is permeable to salt and plays a crucial role in urine dilution.
Identify the layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus.
Endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes.
What happens to plasma proteins during filtration in the kidney?
They are not filterable and remain in the bloodstream.
What is secreted by the proximal tubule to maintain acid-base balance?
Protons, along with metabolites such as uric acid and oxalic acid.
What condition is characterized by protein loss in urine and leads to edema?
Nephrotic Syndrome.
What occurs in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?
It is permeable to water and concentrates urine.
Which structure is responsible for reabsorbing calcium and bicarbonate in the nephron?
The proximal convoluted tubule.
How are non-filterable substances like plasma proteins kept out of the filtrate?
They are blocked by the filtration membrane, including the podocytes and basement membrane.
What substance is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via secondary active transport?
Glucose is reabsorbed via the sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT2).
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