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What is the primary function of the semicircular canals in the human body?
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The semicircular canals are responsible for balance and spatial orientation, part of the vestibular system in the inner ear.
Name the cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin production and describe their function.
Beta cells are responsible for insulin production, which decreases blood sugar levels.
Describe the path deoxygenated blood takes as it travels through the heart before reaching the lungs.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava, passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, and goes to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
What hormone do alpha cells in the pancreas produce and what is its effect on blood sugar levels?
Alpha cells produce glucagon, which increases blood sugar levels.
Which ion is crucial for the process of depolarization in neurons?
Sodium (Na+)
Contrast the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system with those of the sympathetic nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system enhances digestion and conserves energy, while the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and activates the fight or flight response.
What is the sequence of structures that air passes through during inhalation?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
Identify the main structure in the brain responsible for voluntary motor control.
Frontal lobe
What is the main role of the sympathetic nervous system and give an example of its effect?
The sympathetic nervous system mediates the fight or flight response; it increases heart rate, widens pupils, and slows digestion.
Explain the process of depolarization in neurons.
During depolarization, neurons become more positive as sodium ions flow in, essential for propagating the action potential.
What is the consequence of inhibiting the function of delta cells in the pancreas?
Inhibiting the function of delta cells, which produce somatostatin, would prevent the inhibition of insulin and glucagon release.
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles relax and fill with blood?
Diastole
What protective structure surrounds the heart and what does it contain?
The pericardium protects the heart and contains the roots of the great vessels.
What is the route of oxygenated blood starting from the left atrium?
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, passes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and exits through the aortic valve to the body.
What are the structures included in the nephron, and which structure is not part of it?
The nephron includes the Bowman's capsule, Loop of Henle, and Glomerulus; the gallbladder is not part of the nephron.
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