welcome back nurse Chun Community to another video in this video we're going to cover topics that you're going to find on your anatomy and physiology Concepts when it comes to the atits so let's begin practicing so that we can reinforce knowledge as well as boost your test preparation let's get started so let's start with our first question which of the following accurately describes the path of blood through the heart is it a once the left ventricle is full the left tricuspid valve shuts in The ventricle contracts and the blood exits through the aorta B once the right ventricle is full blood exits into the pulmonary artery and then empties into the left ventricle is it C blood enters the heart through the pulmonary vein into the right atrium and through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle or is it D after traveling through the lungs oxygenated blood enters into the left atrium then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle in order to understand what this question is asking we overall have to understand the blood flow through the heart so let's take a quick look at what happens there so we have two main veins that brings all the blood from the body back to the heart we have our inferior vena cava and we have our superior vena cava that deoxygenated blood is going to come down through here into our right atrium then it's going to go through this little valve right here that's known as R tricuspid valve through the tricaster valve is going to enter in to our right ventricle and then that blood is going to go to our lungs via the pulmonary artery once the lungs have had some time to kind of oxygenate that blood don't mess with my drawing I know that I can't draw it's going to come back through the pulmonary vein through the pulmonary vein it's going to enter in to our left atrium through our bicuspid it's also known as our mitral valve down into our left ventricle where it is going to go up through our aortic valve to the aorta which I'm gonna write right here out to the rest of the body back to our question out of all of the answers that we have listed here the only one that makes sense is answer D after it travels to our lungs that oxygenated lungs remember they pick up oxygen in the lungs it's going to enter into our left atrium that makes sense it goes to the left side of our heart then it's going to go through our mitral valve also known as our bicuspid valve whatever the test wants to call It ultimately leading into the left ventricle so the correct answer is D our next question which of the following ions plays a crucial role in the depolarization phase of an action potential is it calcium sodium potassium or chloride so let's break this question down so an ion is an atom or a molecule that has either gained or lost one or more electrons and is as a result either positively or negatively charged an action potential is essentially an electrical signal that travels along nerve cells also known as neurons to our muscle cells these signals are important for these cells to communicate with each other so that they can perform functions like moving our arm or sensing the heat outside and then we have our depolarization phase this is the action potential refers to the specific part of the Signal's Journey so normally inside our neuron it's going to be more negatively charged than it is on the outside this is known as its resting state when the neuron receives a strong enough signal it's going to trigger an action potential to take place so during that depolarization phase the inside of the neuron rapidly becomes more positive this shift in charge helps to push the action potential along and the neuron so the questions asking which of the following ions plays a crucial role in the depolarization phase of an action potential the question is really asking what kind of charged atom or ion is important in May making the inside of the neuron more positive during that depolarization phase the answer is going to be sodium so if you look at sodium sodium is written as n a plus right it's going to make it more positive on the inside when the action potential begins specialized channels in the neuron membrane open up allowing those sodium ions to flow into that neuron these sodium ions carry a positive charge with them so their influx causes the inside of that neuron to become more positive thus the depolarization of the cell occurs allowing the action potential to propagate our next question which of the following is the correct order of structures that air would pass through during inhalation so is it a nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli B larynx pharynx nasal cavity trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli C alveoli bronchioles bronchi trach larynx pharynx and nasal cavity or D bronchioles bronchii trachea larynx pharynx nasal cavity and alveoli so in order to answer this question again we have to understand the structures that air is going to pass through when we breathe it in so when we begin when we breathe in we're going to breathe in through our nose and our mouth next it's going to hit our pharynx so the pharynx is the part of the throat that's directly behind the nose and the mouth and the air is going to move past the nose in the mouth into the pharynx thus leading into our larynx so our larynx is also known as our voice box that's where all that sound comes from it's located just behind the pharynx the air is going to move from the pharynx into the larynx and then from there it's going to go into our trachea so our trachea is also known as our windpipe that's that tube that carries the air from the larynx into our lungs once it gets into our lungs it's going to break off into what it's going to break off into our bronchi the bronchi are those two tubes right they split off from the end of the trachea each are known as a bronchus they're um singular and they lead into the lungs themselves once we get into the bronchi we have our bronchioles and each bronchiole again they continue to Branch off as we go deeper and deeper into the long they're ultimately going to end in the alveoli in the alveoli are those little tiny ear sacs that are located at the end of each bronchial they filled with oxygen they help with a lot of gas exchange that's kind of where the carbon dioxide that we exhale and the oxygen that we take in that's where that gas exchange occurs is in those alveoli So based on the answers that we have here the correct answer is going to be a right it's going to go through a nasal cavity next to that right behind it is the pharynx connected to that is our larynx then we have our trachea then it branches into our bronchi eye our left and our right further branches into our bronchioles and thus ending in our alveoli our next question so this question is asking the hormone insulin is produced by which cell in the pancreas is it our Alpha Beta Delta or gamma cell so we have to understand what each one of these are so we start with alpha cells when we think of alpha we think of ascending ascending specifically we're thinking of glucagon when it comes to our alpha cells glucagon for alpha cells make sure that blood levels Ascend or rise in the blood so alpha cells produce glucagon glucagon ascends or raises our glucose levels next we have beta cells and we think of beta cells we think of beta brings it down so this is where insulin is produced so with insulin from our beta cells that's going to bring our blood sugar levels down ultimately helping our cells absorb that glucose and bringing the levels down next we have our Delta so when we think of Delta cells think of Delta decreases so what does Delta cells decrease so they actually produce something called somato Statin so somatostatin is produced by Delta cells which decrease or inhibit that release of insulin or glucagon helping them keep things balanced and then lastly we have gamma cells and we think of gamma think gamma guides so gamma cells produce pancreatic polypeptides and what these do is these actually help guide or regulate the activities of the pancreas themselves so the question is asking the hormone insulin is produced by which of the following cells in the pancreas we know that the correct answer for this question is going to be B Because B is beta cells which is what produces our insulin our next question all right so the fight or flight response is mediated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system so our answers aren't sympathetic parasympathetic both or neither so in order to answer this we have to understand which each one of them do so we start with our sympathetic so we know there's sympathetic nervous system this is our fight or flight response and with that response the system prepares your body for Action right so it's going to increase your heart rate it's going to dilate and widen your pupils and your Airways to improve oxygen to flow into your muscles it's going to slow your digestion down because during fight or flight we're not worried about you digesting or worry about keeping you alive an easy way to remember this is that sympathetic is going to stress or speed up both s words stress or speed everything's going to be on overdrive and then next we have our parasympathetic right that is our rest and Digest when we think of research digest or feed or breed depending on how you learned it the system is active during periods of rest and after eating stimulating digestion increasing our saliva production and generally helping the body conserve energy and recover from activity for the parasympathetic and easy way that we are going to remember this is we are going to say peace or put on the brakes we don't need to exert a whole bunch of energy when it comes to the parasympic system I'm not worried about that so it's either going to be peaceful we're going to be putting on the bricks so the question asks the fight-or-fly response is mediated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system we've already answered our own question the correct answer is going to be a sympathetic because that is our fight or flight response our next question is asking the pericardium is a double layered Sac that contains the heart and the roots of which of the following the great vessels the bronchial twos the esophagus or the vena cava so that pericardium as you know is a thin two layered Sac that surrounds the heart it's made up of two layers it has an inner layer called the serous pericardium which is in direct contact with the heart and then you have your outer layer that's the fibrous pericardium which is that tougher more rigid layer the main function of the pericardium is to protect the heart and keep it in its position inside of the chest so the question is asking the pericardium is a double layered Sac that contains the heart and the roots of the following so we know it contains the heart but what are those roots so the roots in this question refer to the places where vessels connect to the heart the pericardium surround not only the heart but also surrounds the roots of the great vessels that connect to the heart so we can automatically eliminate B and we can eliminate C because both of those have nothing to do with the cardiovascular system that is our respiratory system so we have have the vena cava in the great vessels so while yeah Davina cover we can have the inferior and superior vena cava they are part of that system the great vessels is actually more correct right because it's including all of those vessels that come off the heart not just a specific one so the correct answer for this question is going to be a the great vessels our next question is asking which part of the brain is primarily responsible for voluntary motor control is it cerebellum medulla oblongata frontal lobe or parietal lobe so let's break each one of these down so that we can tell what each one does right so with cerebellum we're thinking CB we're thinking coordination and we're also thinking balance so the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements that's a key word voluntary coordinating those voluntary movements like posture balance coordination as well as speech resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity when we think of medulla we think of mandatory the medulla controls many of the mandatory or automatic functions of the body such as breathing heart rate as well as our blood pressure next we have the frontal lobe so when we think of this we think of Frontline Commander so once our Frontline Commander do like a commander it's going to make decisions and it's going to issue commands that control the movements and groups the frontal lobe is responsible for voluntary movement it sends the orders to your muscles to perform certain actions like lifting a glass or waving hello and this is done through a specific area in the frontal lobe called the motor cortex next we have the parietal lobe and that parietal lobe we think of perception and position so the parietal lobe processes sensory information right we get a lot of sensory information taking place here because it receives from the outside world particularly relating to our senses touch taste as well as spatial positioning and this ultimately helps us understand where our body is in space in order to navigate our environment so the questions asking what part of their brain is primarily responsible for voluntary motor control what part of that brain is primarily responsible that's your big key word here and the one that's really doing all the work even though the cerebellum does help the one that's doing all of that work is actually our frontal lobe our front line Commander is the part of the brain that's responsible for voluntary motor control our next question so the filtration unit of a kidney known as the nephron does not include which of the following structures is it a Bowman's capsule B Loop of henle C glomerius or D gallbladder so this is another good one that's going to be in the test it's just going to kind of be process of elimination so as you're looking through you're going to kind of do your check marks so does the Bowman's capsule exist within the urinary system yes absolutely does the loop of Henley yeah yes it does it is definitely in there we do have glomeriuses inside of our kidneys but now we have gallbladder this is a completely different organ that is not part of our renal system right it's not part of the kidney it's not part of the Nephron it has nothing to do with any of that so by process of elimination when you're looking at these types of questions look and see what actually exists within the systems that it's asking about and if something seems out of place that's most likely going to be the correct or incorrect answer depending on what it's asking our next question is asking the period of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are filling with blood is known as what is it diastole Sicily repolarization or ejection phase so let's break each one of these down so with diastole when you're thinking of this think of dilation so dilation specifically during diastole the heart's ventricles are relaxed and they dilate to expand to fill with blood this is when the heart is in a state of relaxation patient and the blood pressure is at its lowest next we have Sicily right when you think of Sicily think squeeze this is that contraction phase that we see um with our Sicily versus our diastole the ventricles are going to contract or squeeze and plump that blood out of the heart into either the body or into the lungs and this is when our blood pressure is ultimately at its highest next we have repolarization when you think of repolarization think of reset this is what's happening in the heart after the heart muscle cells or the myocytes contract they need time to reset their electrical state in order to be ready for the next contraction this resetting process is known as repolarization and then lastly we have the ejection phrase so this is part of Sicily when the blood is actively being pumped out of the heart so when you think of the injection phrase think of exit right we have blood exiting the heart like I said this is the ejection nice this is when the blood is exiting the heart so what is going to be the correct answer what is the question asking it's the period of that cardiac cycle which the ventricles are feeling with blood so that period of time when those ventricles are feeling with blood has to be during that relaxation time right and we are going to find that in a diastole dastly remember dilation equals to relaxation allowing the heart to refill with blood and now we've come to our last question our last practice question so it's asking the semicircular canals found in the inner ear are primarily responsible for which of the following is it hearing balance and spatial orientation smell or taste so when we look at the inner ear that's the innermost part of the ear that's involved with both hearing as well as balance that inner ear contains several structures including the cochlea which is primarily involved in hearing as well as the vestibular system that's involved in Balance our semi-circular canals are those three little tiny fluid-filled tubes located on the inner ear that's also part of that vestibular system which as we know is part of balance they're going to be arranged roughly at right angles of each ear and each one is going to be positioned to detect a certain type of movement whether we're moving up and down left and right or we're tilting from side to side so the questions asking the semicircular canals found in the inner ear are primarily responsible for which of the following well as we know based on what each part of that inner ear does we can say that the correct answer is going to be B balance and spatial orientation I hope that this video was helpful in strengthening your understanding of key anatomy and physiology Concepts when it comes to the atits remember thorough preparation is key in achieving success on this test keep practicing stay confident and you'll be well prepared to tackle this section best of luck on your atits and as always I'll see you in the next video bye