Ecological and Medical Screening Overview

Jan 26, 2025

Lecture Notes: Part 29 - Ecology and Medical Screening

Breast Cancer and Osteoporosis Screening

  • Breast Cancer Screening: Starts at age 40, recommended annually.
  • Osteoporosis Screening: Starts at age 65.

Vaccinations

  • HPV Vaccine: Administered between ages 9-26.
  • Herpes Zoster Vaccine: Given at age 60.
  • Pneumococcal Vaccine: Given at age 65.
  • Meningococcal Vaccine: Recommended for college-age individuals.

Pap Smear Guidelines

  • HIV Positive Patients: Annually.
  • General Population: From age 21, every 3 years until age 65.

Galactorrhea Causes

  • Hypothyroidism, Pregnancy, and Prolactinoma: All can cause galactorrhea.
    • Hypothyroidism: Increased TSH stimulates prolactin.
    • Pregnancy: Beta HCG stimulates prolactin.

Osteoporosis Causes and Prevention

  • Causes: Prolactinoma, hypothyroidism, and female athlete triad (low BMI, excessive exercise, and eating disorders).
  • Prevention: Weight-bearing exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

Emergency Contraception

  • Most Effective: Copper IUD.
    • Downsides: Risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and increased vaginal bleeding.

Post-Operative Fever

  • 5 W's: Wind, Water, Walking, Wound, and Wonder Drugs.

Urinary Incontinence Types

  • Stress Incontinence: Leakage when coughing or sneezing.
    • Diagnosis: Q-tip test.
    • Treatment: Kegel exercises, pessary.
  • Urge Incontinence: Overactive bladder.
    • Treatment: Bladder training, oxybutynin.
  • Overflow Incontinence: Due to diabetes, post-surgery.
    • Treatment: Intermittent catheterization.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Infections

  • Types: Cystocele, rectocele, enterocele.
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Commonly caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Vaginal Infections

  • Trichomonas: Strawberry cervix.
  • Gardnerella: Foul-smelling, clue cells.
  • Candidiasis: Thick discharge.

Infertility and Reproductive Syndromes

  • Infertility: Defined after one year of trying.
  • Turner Syndrome: 45 X0, associated with webbed neck and cardiovascular issues.
  • PCOS: Associated with obesity, irregular periods, and hirsutism.

Uterine Pathologies and Cancer

  • Uterine Fibroids: Non-tender, irregular.
  • Endometrial Cancer: Associated with obesity, postmenopausal bleeding.

Breast Masses and Cancer

  • Fibroadenoma: Firm, rubbery nodule.
  • Fibrocystic Changes: Cord-like mass.
  • Breast Cancer: Most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma.

Key Medications

  • Endometritis: Clindamycin, gentamicin.
  • Chorioamnionitis: Ampicillin, gentamicin.
  • Septic Abortion: Clindamycin, gentamicin.

Note: For any concerns, seek clarification or ask questions for better understanding.