Lecture Notes: Part 29 - Ecology and Medical Screening
Breast Cancer and Osteoporosis Screening
- Breast Cancer Screening: Starts at age 40, recommended annually.
- Osteoporosis Screening: Starts at age 65.
Vaccinations
- HPV Vaccine: Administered between ages 9-26.
- Herpes Zoster Vaccine: Given at age 60.
- Pneumococcal Vaccine: Given at age 65.
- Meningococcal Vaccine: Recommended for college-age individuals.
Pap Smear Guidelines
- HIV Positive Patients: Annually.
- General Population: From age 21, every 3 years until age 65.
Galactorrhea Causes
- Hypothyroidism, Pregnancy, and Prolactinoma: All can cause galactorrhea.
- Hypothyroidism: Increased TSH stimulates prolactin.
- Pregnancy: Beta HCG stimulates prolactin.
Osteoporosis Causes and Prevention
- Causes: Prolactinoma, hypothyroidism, and female athlete triad (low BMI, excessive exercise, and eating disorders).
- Prevention: Weight-bearing exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
Emergency Contraception
- Most Effective: Copper IUD.
- Downsides: Risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and increased vaginal bleeding.
Post-Operative Fever
- 5 W's: Wind, Water, Walking, Wound, and Wonder Drugs.
Urinary Incontinence Types
- Stress Incontinence: Leakage when coughing or sneezing.
- Diagnosis: Q-tip test.
- Treatment: Kegel exercises, pessary.
- Urge Incontinence: Overactive bladder.
- Treatment: Bladder training, oxybutynin.
- Overflow Incontinence: Due to diabetes, post-surgery.
- Treatment: Intermittent catheterization.
Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Infections
- Types: Cystocele, rectocele, enterocele.
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Commonly caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Vaginal Infections
- Trichomonas: Strawberry cervix.
- Gardnerella: Foul-smelling, clue cells.
- Candidiasis: Thick discharge.
Infertility and Reproductive Syndromes
- Infertility: Defined after one year of trying.
- Turner Syndrome: 45 X0, associated with webbed neck and cardiovascular issues.
- PCOS: Associated with obesity, irregular periods, and hirsutism.
Uterine Pathologies and Cancer
- Uterine Fibroids: Non-tender, irregular.
- Endometrial Cancer: Associated with obesity, postmenopausal bleeding.
Breast Masses and Cancer
- Fibroadenoma: Firm, rubbery nodule.
- Fibrocystic Changes: Cord-like mass.
- Breast Cancer: Most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma.
Key Medications
- Endometritis: Clindamycin, gentamicin.
- Chorioamnionitis: Ampicillin, gentamicin.
- Septic Abortion: Clindamycin, gentamicin.
Note: For any concerns, seek clarification or ask questions for better understanding.