hello everyone mat here and today we're going to do a full review of AP environmental science so there nine units we're going to be going over in order ecosystems biodiversity populations Earth Systems and resources land and water use energy resources and consumption atmospheric pollution Aquatic and terrestrial pollution and Global change okay let's do unit one on ecosystems so here are the basics of ecosystems first you must know that a preder refers to organisms which eat a prey which is the other organism this is pretty Common Sense I'd say most people know this already and now we're going to go into symbiosis which is a close interaction between two species and there are three types of symbiosis that you need to know Mutual ISM which makes sense think of it Mutual both are benefited commensalism one is benefited and the other is unaffected and comp to them which also kind of makes sense parasites will harm you right so what is benefited the parasite is benefited but the host is harmed think of it like that now you you also must know what competition means competition is just organisms competing for the same resource this could be like light habitats food Etc and resource partitioning is sort of a way to prevent competition which is just using resources in different ways so maybe use it in at different times use it in different places and it sort of helps solve the effects the consequences of competition as if both organisms were competing rapidly for something then it would be harmful for both now we're going to go over terrestrial biomes so biomes contain community the plants and animals adapted to its climate and ecosystems strive there the terrestrial bounds you need to know are Tigra temperate forest tempered seasonal Forest tropical rainforest shrand Temperate Grassland Savannah Desert and Tundra it's a lot and you all should be knowing how they fall on a clima graph and note that the distribution of of biomes is constantly changing because our climate is constantly changing this for many reasons including fossil fuel production and many more so I'm going to go over aquatic biomes so freshwater biomes include streams Rivers ponds and lakes and as the name says it just provides fresh drinking water and ecosystems to organisms marine biomes include oceans coral reefs marshlands and estuaries marine biomes generally contain algae which um provide oxygen and take CO2 from the atmosphere as they're sort of like a plant right they use photosynthesis the global distribution of non-mineral Marine Resources like fish depend on many factors including solidity depth turbidity and temperature this makes sense right because fish they need to live in a specific environment to to thrive so factors will depend on where they're found now I'm going to go over the carbon cycle as stated in the name the carbon cycle is just the movement of carbon atoms between sources and syns sources provide carbon into the atmosphere and sinks they store carbon for example a sink would be think of a tree a tree sequesters carbon from the atmosphere and sources could be fossil fuel combustion which provides CO2 into the atmosphere and and yeah as I said their cellular respiration also releases CO2 and photosynthesis takes in CO2 plant and animal decomposition leads to carbon storage over millions of years however burn and they turn into fossil fuel however burning the fossil fuels immediately releases all of that declustered carbon into the atmosphere making fossil fuel burning very envi environmentally unsustainable the nitrogen cycle the nitrogen cycle sort of like the carbon cycle is just the movement of nitrogen atoms between sources and thingss so nitrogen cycle occurs pretty fast because reservoirs hold nitrogen for a short time and yeah compared to the other Cycles so you also know what nitrogen fixation is which is bacteria in the ground converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia which plants uptake into their tissues you also should know what denitrification is which is like compounds like nitrate turning back into N2 and being released into the am osphere and nitrification is turning the ammonia into like nitrates and nitrites note that the atmosphere of the primary nitrogen Reservoir this is because what above 70% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen now I'm going to go over the phosphorus cycle the phosphorus cycle just said the other two cycles it's just the movement of atoms containing phosphorus between SS and reservoirs so rocks and sediments are really big phosphorus frer forest and phosphorus has no atmosphere component therefore phosphorus is hard to obtain in certain ecosystems and phosphorus is sometimes a limiting factor in these ecosystems this factor a phosph being a limitating factor will will um sort of time to a concept later called nutrification now I'm going to go over the hydrologic or water cycle so the sun is the primary thing that powers all the water cycle movements so waterers moves brought its various forms solid liquid and gas for example snow will be solid precipitated rain liquid and evaporated water it just gas and obviously oceans are the main water reservoir and groundwater and Ice cats are also major reservoirs especially freshwater reservoirs so primary productivity is just the rate at which solar energy is converted into organic compounds so basically how well photosynthesis is done the grow primary productivity is the total rate of photosynthesis in a given area and the net is just the gross primary productivity minus the energy loss to cellular respiration of the plants so yeah it's like a net and the units of productivity are kilo calories per meter squar per year so how much energy per area over a certain time interval over a year for example okay now I'm going to go over the trophic levels in the 10% rule so ecosystems they depend on an inflow of energy to maintain structure and the function of transferring matter energy is required for ecosystems to you know survive and um energy flows from the Sun to producers right because that's how producers the producers use sun to create the compounds that they use and producers are the lowest trophic level with Apex pures at the highest a trophic pyramid sort of shows how energy flows in the ecosystem so those will be producers then it'll be the animals that eat producer then the animals that eat that animals and so OD so the 10% rule states that only 10% of the energy from a lower tropic level is transferred to the higher one and the other 90% is used for functions like animals need energy to live so functions like respiration just living moving around that energy is you there okay food webs food web sort of depict how energy Flows In an ecosystem it shows who eats who and yeah food chains can just be one pth but food webs have to be at least two food chains in them the food webs are just more complex version the food Shades and changes to one species in the ecosystem can have catastrophic effects to higher organisms on the trophic level for example if a prey prop population goes down and the Predator that eats that prey will also go down because it doesn't have enough food and then that just Cascades all the way to the top all right now that's unit one we're going to go into unit two now biodiversity biodiversity in an ecosystem is just the species and habitat diversity and generally more diverse ecosystems have better responses to stress this is because there are more animals that can survive and more like different types of animals are likely to survive in different sort of different uh stressors you guys should know what population bonics are which are sharp Productions in a population which leads to lower gen genetic diversity this can be harmful to the survival of an ecosystem loss of habitat often leaves to the loss of specifically specialist species and specialist species are just animals that need to live in a certain habitat to survive they're acquainted to the habitat loss of generalist species will happen next but G because generalist species can generally thrive in several habitats and you should you also know what the species riches is which is just the number of distinct species than an ecosystem the ecosystem provide services to us and the environment provisioning services are essentially benefits people get from nature like wood for example from trees regulating services are just sort of as the name says just regulation of the CL of different stuff climate regulated water can be purified and filtered and so on cultural services are what people like to see you know the environments can be used for camping recreational stuff and it just looks nice and it's peaceful aesthetic values supporting services are meaning means that it supports other stuff for example it helps in biomass production and it helps in solar information leading to new environments unfortunately our human anthropogenic activities disrupt ecosystem Services leading to economic and ecological consequences okay so Island biogeography is just the study of ecological relationships of organisms on an island so generally islands are colonized by species with new when new species migrate to other islands and they can be the first ones on the island and due to limited resources several species living on an island can be Specialists because they're adapted to thrive in that environment so the arrival invasive species can harm the chances of specialist survival the generalist May outcompete The Specialist and do better in competition ecological tolerance refers to a range of conditions that an organism need like an organism can survive in for example for us right if we touch something too hot our skin is going to get burnt that's a side of Ranger tolerance and natural ecosystem disruptions can be periodic meaning it happens on a like Prett uh it's repeated at of set period episodic meaning it's occasional but it's random or just completely random earth's climate has changed a lot and it's still changing which is why species need to adapt to the new environments several environmental changes cause habitat changes because many uh species live in specific habitats which is you know connected to the environment and lots of wildlife engages in migration and that could be due to Natural disruption for example a habitat is destroyed the wildlife might move to a different area so environmental changes challenges a species survival because their next moves are vital to how they do an organism generally adopt over the short or long run primary Su sucession succession is when a new patch of land is exposed for the first time an organism like moss they start from the scratch to colonize it and turn it into like an ecosystem pioneer species like lyan and MOX are the first ones that colonize the new patchel land secondary succession is when a climax community is affected by a disturbance like a fire let let's say a whole ecosystem is burned down so succession is restarted like the trees need to regrow but the soil and nutrients are still present making it an easier process than primary succession and there are two types of species you all should know Keystone which are crucial to an ecosystem structure they're necessary for an ecosystem's vitality and indicator species indicator species just show how well an ecosystem is doing if there's a large presence of indicator species that the ecosystem is doing well for example okay now going to go over unit three of populations so as we went over in the last slide last section briefly General species can thrive in changing conditions like raccoons they can live basically anywhere while specialist species need a certain environment to survive in like koalas otherwise it'll be hard for them to survive because they're so adapted to a set environment and there are two more types of species you should know K selected species and R selected species organisms can be distinguished between both of these or kind of a mix of both so some characteristics of K selected species are that organisms generally are large they get few Offspring and they have lots of par parental care and long lives like humans or uh apes they're Cas selected species so competition for resources in Cas selected species habitat is high now our selected species they're generally small they give many offspring but they have fewer reproductive events like they might reproduce once but give lots of Offspring and they usually have less parental care because of so many offspring and they have shorter lives in competition for resources within our selected species habitat is low biotic potential is the max reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions this makes sense right it's just the potential of Life biotic potential K selective species are often more affected by invasive species and invasive species tend to be our selected species so yeah so in invasive species tend to have characteristics of our selected species and Cas selected species tend to be generalist or can be generalist and are affected by invasive species and you all should know what a survivorship curve is essentially it plots the survival rate of a species as a function of the species age and there three types of Curves you should know as I've shown three of them here this is one two and three the first one is the survis curve of humans like initially um humans tend to survive a long time right the survival rate is high and then at the end it declines at old age and humans are kolic fees number two or let's do number three first number three is like fish for example which could be an our selected species initially the survival rate drops pretty fast because of the um not having a huge LIF time and then slows down toward the end and next is sort of sorry next to the hybrid like birds birds are a mix they'll be sort of in the middle type two and yeah just know that K selected species generally follow type one and R selected species follow type three and K selected species can sometimes follow a type two curve as well carrying capacity so a carrying capacity is like the Max Capacity an ecosystem can have overshoot is a term to defined when a population exceeds this Cur in capacity which is represented by K resource depletion and collapse often occur after overshoot because there too many organisms so there's not enough resources so lots of populations may die note that population grow in general depends on the environment and factors including resources and available space abundant resources can result in large population growth while not having abundant resources can limit population growth age structure diagrams so population growth rates of countries can be analyzed using AG structure diagrams they essentially show the distribution of age and sex in a population I'll show you a graph on the next slide but the y axis shows the age group from children children to an elderly well the xaxis show the population percent of each age group and split into half male than female like it shows the distribution of a population so triangle AG structure diagrams essentially that would just mean younger ages have higher percent of the population and it's referred to as bottom heavy and it'll generally lead to a major growth because those young people have not reached the age of maturity so when they do they'll produce greatly total fertility rate TFR is the average number of children born to a woman in a lifetime TFR depends on educational opportunities Family Planning and so on for example if a woman has many educational opportunities she's less likely to give birth to many children and in general more developed Nations tend to have lower tfrs because of higher educational opportunities for women and um better access to sexual prote protection so here is an AG structure diagram that I quickly Drew so on the x-axis as you can see it's put by male and female showing the proportions of how much is male how much is female for each age group and I didn't really label the y axis but essentially think of the bottom AG group it's the youngest then it's the second youngest third youngest than oldest the bottom age group might be like 0 to 20 years old the middle one might be 20 to 30 top one might be 30 to 50 and the topmost one might be 50 plus essentially shows how much um like how how much of a percent in each age group is male and female and how it relates to the other age groups as well yeah so birth rates infant mortality rates death rates and nutrition all of these factors will determine if population is going to grow or decline density independent factors essentially don't depend on on the number of people like fires and storms right that doesn't depend on how many people are in the area but they affect caring capacity well density dependent factors like food disease and so on they depend on how many people are in the area and you can calculate a population's doubling time by essentially just doing 70 over the population growth rate in percent that'll give you the approximate time it takes to double demographic transition refers to the transition to lower birth rates lower death rates and industrialization the agricultural societies become industrialized through demographic transition and Healthcare and resources improve as a result reducing all those factors and there are four stages with one being the least industrialized and four being the most industrialized so as countries become more developed debt rates drop because of better access to healthcare TFR drops because of more educational opportunities for women and so on unit four Earth Systems and resources so first we're going to go over play tonics so essentially the Earth is made up of many tectonic plates convergent boundaries are essentially when two tectonic plates they come together and when they come together essentially they can't like both be together right so one goes under the other and this results in Mountain creation Island creation and earthquakes divergent boundaries are when two uh sort of connected tectonic plates or next to each other tectonic plates they move away from each other and that results in seaf Flor spreading roof valleys and volcanoes and yeah so you think the movement of tonic plates can allow us to analyze the creation of sort of geographic structures transforming transform boundaries are when two plates they slide past one each other like a cross so when two things are sliding across each other there's stress right so when the stress is overcome the lock fault it releases all this stored energy and that's what we see as an earthquake and we can use global map map boundaries showing the plate boundaries and use that to predict and determine locations of stuff like volcanoes Island arcs earthquakes and so on okay so what is soil we see it all the time right but what really is it soil is formed when a parent material is weathered transported and deposited and soil can be characterized by Horizons and based on their composition and organic material so they're different layers of soil and each of them can be described the upmost layer the topmost is called surface Horizon which is the a layer then comes the subsoil then it comes the parent rock and beneath the subsoil there might be an eluviated layer essentially leeching water can collect mineral than dry it down just beneath the subo layer then there's parent rock and then finally there's the Bedrock layer which nothing goes below that soil properties so water holding capacity or water attention is a property of soil it's essentially how much water soil can hold and essentially that will contribute to land productivity and so fertility this is a very important property in farming particles side and soil composition affect porosity permeability and fertility of the soil and so is made of three things clay silt and sand you should be knowing how to use the solar texture diagram and to identify the Sol type based on the percent compositions of each of those things so essentially how to do that is you follow the diagonal lines and start at any end start at any end go to the correct percent and follow the diagonal lines on that and keep doing that three times and you should end up on what soil it is so now I'm going to go over the different layers of Earth's atmosphere first is the troposphere it's the lowest layer it's sort of what we see as the atmosphere and it's where weather occurs in the troposphere temperature decreases with altitude because the Earth is shining on the ground the further away you go from the ground uh the colder it gets Stratosphere so what you know about the stratosphere is that it contains the ozone layer ozone layer is a lot of O3 molecules and it protects us from UV light in the ozone layer the temperature increases with altitude next is the mosphere in the mesosphere is where meteors burn the temperature de inrees with altitude in the mesosphere next is the thermosphere as in the name Thermo they're very high temperatures auror occur here and there's low air density finally last of the exosphere is the out immerse Slayer and immerges with space it has low air density and the satellites orbit there you should be knowing the important characteristics of all these layers as stated next we're going to go over global wind patterns so hadly cells are the air that rises at the equator and moves toward the poles warm air rises faster than colder so at the Equator the sun's going to shine there the warmer is going to rise and it's going to go both up and down 30° so 30° latitude north and south and it'll descend there feral cells are between Hadley and polar cells in the feral cells air moves towards the pole and it rises around the 60° latitude and then moves to the equator in the Polar cell it arises at the polar regions and it'll move to the lower latitudes and then descend around the 60° latitude Mark the cholis effect is essentially the deflection of moving objects due to Earth's rotation the since the Earth is rotating the wind is going to curse to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere test this out with the ball right um since a ball is spinning if wind travels it's not going to be in the straight line it's going to end up at a different space spot than it should if it was just flat because the Earth is a circle is a sphere and it's rotating so why do wind patterns exist they exist because of differences in temperature and we know warm air rises while cold air sinks and differences in pressure across Earth's surface so warm air rises at the equator and moves toward the poles cool air moves toward the equator and this creates global wind patterns and that distributes heat and moisture to different areas now I'm going to briefly go over where the water shed is the water shed is essentially an area so large amounts of water are going to flow into that area and that water can come from many places and they all connect in the area in the body of water so istics of a watered include the area length and slope and the soil that's all important to the watered so steeper slow means it'll be filled up with water faster because it's coming from a higher area and it'll descend faster because of gravity the soil water holding capacity also put a factor and so on the latitude of different places on Earth with the designated determine how much insulation is received insulation is just how much sun light is received in area per area yeah so the angle of the Sun Ray with respect to Earth determine the insulation intensity and because of that directly horizontal sunlight that area will receive the most intense sunlight so the highest solar radiation per area is received at the equator and it decreases toward the the pole in the northern hemisphere the summer is June and the winter is in December and in the southern hemisphere the winter is in June and the summer is in December this is because of the um insulation received that different times of the year in the summer that area is going to receive more insulation and be warmer and the opposite is true in the winter the rain shadow effect so sometimes areas of land become drier at a higher elevation because mountains they block air from moving from one side to the other for example if there's a huge mountain right warm moist air and precipitation going to move to one side to that side of the mountain but it might not get the other side because the Mountain's blocking it so one side would be nice precipitous and moisturized while the other side will just be really dry and that is the rain shadow effect and now here are two events that you need to know alino and Lino they just result from changing ocean temperatures in the Pacific Ocean and they cause changes to rainfall wind and ocean circulation in different areas in Al Nino the Waters of the Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean become warmer that means warmer conditions in areas like Australia increase flooding in the other side in places like Peru and warmer temperatures in North America in L there will be cooler temperatures in the Eastern Pacific so there'll be cooler conditions in the Western Pacific drier conditions in the Eastern Pacific and colder Winters in the north USA area warmer conditions in the South USA area it's sort of because of the way ocean patterns right ocean um ocean water belt the water depends sort of the the water will move to different countries different areas of the world and it will cause these events unit five land and water use so first I'm going to go over the try of the commons it's a pretty simple idea essentially it's the idea that individuals you share resources for their own benefit and they don't consider how much they deplete the resources and that lead leads to a large scale depletion of the resources for example um if I leave candy out the kids might take as much as they want without caring about how much other kids who come later will get beer cutting is the practice where all the trees in a given area are just cut at once this is efficient and cost effective but is harmful for the economy for example if trees are cut many animals may not have inhabit attach to livac so there will be a loss of biodiversity there will also be soil erosion because having vegetation keeps the soil on the ground but without vegetation like trees wind and water can easily erode the soil there will also be a loss of carbon storage as frees sequester carbon during photosynthesis there'll also be increased flooding because trees help prevent flooding and there'll be loss of aesthetic value as trees are nice in the ecosystem there are many environmental consequences to clear cutting the Green Revolution so essentially the Green Revolution is just the shift to different agricultural strategies to benefit food production mechanization is the use of machinery for increased efficiency and reduced hand labor GMOs are an organism whose genetics have been modified with another organism they have many values for example you can take a disease resistance Gene and put it into a different organism however is very controversial because of impacts to help in the environment fertilization is the application of nutrients like nitrogen phosphorus and potassium to improve plant and they can lead to nutrification especially as they mentioned in unit one phosphorus tends to be and natur they tend to be sort of limiting factors they can be limiting factors in ecosystems so having those resources can lead to large algae growth and nutrification and I'm going to go specifically into what urif is later irrigation is the use of water to assist in crop Ro and pesticides are chemicals used to control pests and help farmers protect their crops so tilling is the breaking up of soil to prepare for planting however over tilling can lead to decreased thr quality and can lead to sedimentation another technique is called Flash and burn which is the cutting and burning of vegetation to clear land this can cause deforestation and loss of biodiversity and contribute to climate change du to less trees fertilizer runoffs can cause ufic and eventually cause dead zones where there's no water and the water is hypoxic because there's no Oxygen sorry there is water but there's no oxygen in the Water Irrigation methods so there four different types of irrigation methods you should know so first of all you should know that the human largest human use of fresh water is for irrigation making it extremely important water logging is when there's too much water left to sit in the soil and that prevents plants from absorbing oxygen through their Roots so there shouldn't be too much water in the soil furo irrigation is just the cutting of furrows between crop RS and filling it with water however in fur irrigation even though it's easy to do one3 of the water is lost to evaporation or runoff so it's not that efficient flood irrigation is just flooding a fuel with water this is also easy to do right but inefficient 20% of water has lost to evaporation and runoff and because there's so much water in the soil it can lead to water belonging spray irrigation is pumping groundw into spray nozzles and is more efficient than flood and fur irrigation only 1/4 of the water is lost to burun off or evaporation drip irrigation uses hoses to release water to plant roots it's expensive right because it essentially those hoses it releases a very small amount of water but directly to the roots but it's very efficient only losing 5% of the water salinization occurs when salts and groundw remain in soil after water evaporates and that's toxic to plants because too much soil is like just overall toxic and there are some pest control methods you should know pesticides help to kill pest herbicides help to kill weeds fungicides kill fungi and rodenticides kill rodents and these can kill organisms that damage plants however organisms evolve so they can become resistant to these through artificial collection as the ones that are resistant May survive and live genetically engineering crops to resist pest can also like GMOs they can lead to a loss of genetic diversity as you're you are directly engineering the plant I'm going to go over meat production so meat production is less efficient than just vegetable production because requires a lot of land and food for the animals to eat if you're just producing vegetables you just need the land for the vegetables right but for if you're having animals you need the land for the animals and the food that the ve animals eat CES are concentrated animal feed operations so they crown animals together and feed them grains it's sort of cost effective because animals are crammed in a small space but it does generate lots of waste which can contaminate ground and surface water free range grazing allows animals to graze on grass during their life it's more expensive but animals are more spread out the meat in free range grading tends to be free of antibiotics and large areas of land are used however which makes it expensive because freerange gring implies that animals will have a lot of space unlike C over gring is when there are too many animals on a certain area of land that leads to solar erosion and desertification if animal keep eating a certain area of land there's going to be soil erosion because you're just picking out the land for such a and soil for a long time overall Less meat consumption would be beneficial for the environment due to less CO2 methane N2 and it'll conserve water as well over fishing can also lead to scarcity of fish species which affect fish biodiversity the fishing should also be done with caution mining operations need to generally access lower ores so they require more resources and cause increased waste and pollution unlike if they just widen the upper ores as valuable ores are deep inside surface mining is the removal of large rocks called overburden to access or underneath strip mining removes the vegetation from an area and that makes it more susceptible to erosion so when you mine there are lots of ways and that includes soils and rocks removed and tilling and flags of the waste that remain of those and in general coal mining destroys habitats contaminat groundwater and releases dust particles and methane overall making it bad for the environment and deep mining operations can overall just be expensive because of all the equipment you need all the people you need and all the health precautions urbanization is the shift from rural area to Urban cities unfortunately it can lead to a depletion of resources and saltwater and fusion in the hydrological cycle the burning of fossil fuels this is because the burning of fossil fuels affects CO2 in the atmosphere more urban areas will likely use more fuel leading to more CO2 in the atmosphere also impervious surfaces are human-made roads buildings and sidewalks will not allow water to infil trate and Le reach to the soil which can flood the area Urban spraw just refers to the expansion of urban areas into rural areas which causes environmental problems relating to Public Health and life quality ecological F Footprints compare resource resource and demands for an individual and people in urban areas generally have a higher ecological footprint this makes sense right because they're going to be using more stuff have more materials more houses need more power and so on so sustainability for us just means living and using resources without the depletion for future Generations biological food diversity food production and CO2 concentrations all indicates a sustainability and we need to be careful in how we move forward the sustainable yield refers to the amount of a renewable resource that can be taken without reducing the supply available it's always good his take just the sustainable you'll need it there's also sustainable agriculture Soil Conservation helps prevent soil erosion contour plowing is plowing across slope of land following contour lines and that flow down to water wind braks are just throw the vegetation a plants to protect soil from windin terracing uses steep slopes to reduce Rin by slowing down water flow and reducing runoff no tow agriculture is just planning across without the breaking up the soil called soil tilling that's also helpful there's also sustainable forestry the reforestation such as we using wood can help mitigate deforestation as a whole to protect forest from pathogens or insects imp and removal of I mean yeah IPM integrated Pest Management and removal of infected trees are used prescribed burns are also used though Force to set on fire in controlled conditions to ecosystems it's important that it's in controlled conditions as fires can spread like crazy and the burns can stimulate germination of certain plant species as some plant species need heat to germinate occasionally infected trees will just be down for wood rather than entire clear cutting so the um Urban runoff is a problem because of the impervious surfaces so there are many ways to reduce it you can increase water filt infiltration by just replacing the pavment with permeable pavement this will allow the water to infiltrate in the perme permeable pavement and you can plan free as well integrated Pest Management IPM is a combination of methods used to control pest while minimizing environmental disruptions the bio control is um just using Predators parasit or pathogens to suppress pest populations however this can be dangerous as if you use b control it might Target untargeted species intercropping is growing two crops simultaneously in a field and that increases crop diversity crop rotation is planting different crops in a certain order on the same place of land this can improve Soul fertility and reduce soil erosion IPM minimizes environmental disruptions and threats to human health aquaculture aquaculture is just the farming of aquatic organism like fish so yeah you don't really fish it you just um there like a farm in the water and fish are just Farm like there it it can occur in ponds takes or cages in open water so the goal is just to provide Seafood for human consumption and requires small areas of water and little fuel unfortunately it can contaminate waste water and fish that escape May compete with wild fish density is high in ulture cages leading to increased disease and that's potentially dangerous especially fish Escape Into the Wilderness unit six energy resources and consumption first we must understand the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources non-renewable energy sources exist in finite amounts and they're extremely hard to replace think of fossil fuel like coal oil and natural gases fossil fuels have been buried for millions of years and formed through decom formed from organisms who lived millions of years ago it's going to take a long time for the there to be more fossil fuels and nuclear power like uranium it only exists in finite amount on the earth so yeah renewable energy sources however can be easily replenished at the rate of consumption and be reused think of hydroelectric power using water for power water's kinetic energy for power geothermal energy the energy of inside the earth and solar energy the energy of the sun you can easily keep breathing these types of power so in general we sort of mentioned this in the last unit but developed countries tend to use far more fossil fuels than undeveloped countries this is because developed countries have much more things that they can use it on while developing or undeveloped countries they're mainly agricultural based fossil fuels are the most widely used source of energy as the world becomes more industrialized the demand for energy increases and fossil fuels are not going to be around forever so people need to figure out a new Switch which points to renewable energy sources so now I'm going to go over different types of fuels and their uses so wood is commonly used in the form of firewood and charcoal and is often used in developing countries as it is easily accessible p is a partially decomposed organic material and it can also be burned for fuel coal is a common fossil fuel used and the pr test of coal you should know Lite which means low energy content but that also means low cost and it also has high pollutant emissions by tum minus which is medium energy content and anide which is the highest energy content and the highest carbon content natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel because it produces the Fest pollutant crude oil petroleum is mainly made of hydrocarbons and it's not as clean as natural gas but it can be recovered and it's recovered from T gens fossil fuels generally have specialized uses they can be used for many things being um specialized in different areas co-generation refers to fuel sources being used as both energy and heat so fuel sources are burned and then um it's used for to create disin turbine for energy and it also emits heat and yeah that's one way that renewability or sustainability is encouraged now I'm going to go over the distribution of natural energy sources the distribution of natural energy sources is not uniform throughout the world it depends on the region uranium is prominent in Australia kazakistan and Canada food oil is common in countries in the Middle East and Iraq and Iran that's why we um the USA went to war for oil natural gas is prominent in Russia the Middle East US and Canada and coal is prominent in the US Russia India and China F fuel combustion is a chemical reaction between fuel hydrocarbons and oxygen that yield CO2 plus water plus energy if if you took chemistry that's the formula you remember a hydrocarbon plus oxygen yields CO2 water and energy so burning fossil fuels generates heat and that heat turns water into steam and that steam turn the turbine and that turbine generates electricity coal is often mined and as we saw there are many environmental problems with mining coal or mining in general hydraulic fracturing AKA fracking is used to extract natural gas and oil from Shell Rock which is found underground and in general fossil fuel extraction whether it's mining coal or fracking it causes several environmental consequences which should be beware of nuclear power is generated through the fision of uranium 235 atoms and those are stored in fuel rods the atoms are struck by a neutron and then they're split into smaller parts heat released is used to heat water into steam same process as before that powers the turbine and generates electricity radioactivity is when the nucleus of a radioactive isotope loses energy by emitting radiation and uranium tends to be very radioactive even for a long time that's why um that's why there are many accidents and dangers with nuclear power nuclear power is non-renewable however it does not emit as much air pollutants as the other fossil fuels so it is considered cleaner in a sense but it does release thermal pollution and has a disal solid waste these uranium power plants they heat up so much so if they release back water it'll cause thermal polution we'll go over thermal pollution specifically in um I think Unit 8 and here are three major nuclear disasters that you must know a three m Island in the USA Chernobyl in Ukraine and Fukushima in Japan also you must know that the halflife is the time it takes for a mass to Decay by half so essentially the time it takes for a mass to go from like 30 gram to 15 grams for example burning biomass produces heat for energy it's at a low cost but it does produce a lot of pollutants like carbon monoxide uh nitrogen nitrogen monoxide and particulates unfortunately trees can also be over harvested and we went over the major consequences of clear cutting in the last unit underdeveloped countries are the major users users of biomass as a fuel source ethanol can be used as a substitute for gasoline however the energy investment is low for ethanol which is why it's not widely used because the benefit of using ethanol is that it does not introduce carbon into the atmosphere so now I'm going to go over solar energy photovoltaic solar cells basically solar panels are solar cells that capture light energy from the Sun and transform it into electrical energy one drawback is that the time use is limited by sunlight availability if you live in an area that doesn't get a lot of insulation then using uh photov voltaic cells will be hard active solar energy systems are systems that use solar energy to heat a liquid and collect the store and collect store energy captured from the Sun passive solar energy systems absorb heat from the Sun without mechanical or electrical equipment and the energy cannot be collected or stored which is not which is the opposite in active solar energy systems solar energy systems can be expensive but they have low environmental impact making them beneficial how large scale solar Farms can impact other ecosystems if you have a huge Farm it's going to take a lot of land and that could impact creatures living there hydroelectric power is often generated by DS dams are Builder class rivers and they collect water in reservoirs and the water there is used to spin a turbine furthermore flowing water can also spin a turbine if the turbine is placed in a river tidal energy uses tidal flows to turn a turbine one good thing about hydroelectric power is it's renewable and no air pollution or waste is generated however the construction of dams can be expensive and can affect ecosystems despite their drawbacks dams do provide several benefits like recreational activities for people and flooding prevention however yeah dams can destroy ecosystems of organisms living in the area geothermal energy refers to the heat inside Earth's interior interior and is used to heat up water which is brought back to the surface as Steam then the same process occurs the steam is used to power an electric generator the cost of accessing geothermal energy can be expensive and it can release hydrogen sulfide and furthermore you need be in a specific area to access geothermal energy as some areas may be better than others and geothermal energy is considered renable as the heat of the earth will not go away hydrogen fuel cells are an alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels or fuel sources hydrogen is used as a fuel and is combined with oxygen in the air and it forms water and releases energy as electricity and the water is also emitted that's formed hydrogen fuel cells tend to have low environmental impacts and it also produces no CO2 which is the benefit unfortunately the technology is expensive and energy is needed to create the hydrogen gas there are also limited hydrogen fueling stations so it' be hard to convert people to switch to using hydrogen fuel cells in cars wind turbines use kinetic energy of moving air to spin a turbine and that converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electricity wind energy is again renewable clean however birds and bats often get stuck in the spinning Windmill and they can get killed and wind tur and um yeah wind turbines or windmills they can be you they're a source of noise pollution and of course it's best to be established in windy areas where there's lots of wind blowing as lots of electricity will be generated and people can conserve energy in many ways in their house for example adjusting the thermostat to reduce heat use or using or reducing air conditioning furthermore you can use energy efficient appliances and not use as much water as you need to or as you could be using for example maybe only shower for 3 minutes go quickly in the shower rather than spending 10 minutes energy conservation can be done through simple actions by homeowners or on a large scale but the simple action by many homeowners will build up over time improving fuel economy for vehicles can be done by large companies and fuel economy is just the miles travel per gallon of gasoline that will make Vehicles more efficient and reduce petrol use there's also an increased use of hybrid vehicles which is good furthermore increased use of public transportation and Green Building design can all help with energy conservation Unit Seven atmospheric pollution here are the basics of air pollution as we went covered in the last chapter non-renewable sources of energy T to release lots of pollutants for example Co combustion releases carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide metals and particulates fossil fuel other fos fuel combustion also releases nox nitrogen oxides which contribute to Ozone and formation of photochemical smog and it can also cause acid R air quality is affected through the release of2 mainly from diesel fuels also you all should knowe that primary air pollutants are pollutants that are directly emitted while secondary air pollutants form through chemical reactions of the primary air pollutants the EPA uses the Clean Air Act and that allows the EPA to regulate the emission of air pollutant photochemical smog is formed when nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon veds react with heat and sunlight and they produce pollutants so in general in rush hour when people are going to work nitrogen oxides will be released from the cars and the ozone concentrations will then peak in the afternoon and furthermore the ozone concentrations will be higher in the summer because of more sunlight boxs like formal deide and gasoline evaporate into the ab osphere so essentially nox plus fox plus sunlight equals photochemical smog and it's common in urban areas and it causes human health issues like respiratory problems and eye irritation thermal inversions refer to when the normal temperature gradient is altered Air at Earth's surface will be cooler than air at higher altitudes essentially a layer of warm air is trapped beneath the cool air yeah okay so air pollutants get trapped and they will not disperse yeah air pollutant get trapped they will not disperse and that means all the pollutants that humans emit they'll just be in the ground area and people will keep breathing it in eventually through wind blowing the pollutants will disperse as usual and the thermal inversion will end carbon dioxide naturally appears in the atmosphere from respiration decomposition and volcanic eruptions high CO2 levels are associated with global warming and are mainly caused by anthropogenic causes particular matter are tiny particles suspended in the air pm10 refers to particular matter that have diameters of 10 micrometers or smaller pm2.5 referred to particular matter that have diameters of 2.5 micrometers or smaller and in general partic matter causes respiratory issues indoor air pollutants carbon monoxide Co is a deadly indoor air pollutant and it's a fixant essentially it interferes with the transports of hemoglobin and oxygen and your blood will not be able to get oxygen well so that so build up of carbon monoxide can lead to potential death as bestest is usually contained in walls and it's not dangerous until it's broken however once it's broken the shards can get in your lungs and it can cause cancer it must carefully be removed by an expert in fully protected material radon emerges from the decay of uranium and rocks and it can seep into houses if your house is for example built on top of well it's going to be built on top of rocks if the rocks in the bottom and your house is open the decay of uranium can lead to radon entering the house radon is colorless and odorless and it can cause lung cancer as well V seeds are hydrocarbons common in furniture peny and carpets it's it gives you that smell of like new furniture lead is common in paints but now it's being faced out and blood is especially dangerous for children and it damages the the central nervous system so how can we reduce air pollutant first there's a vapor recovery Nole these are usually present at gas ref fueling stations and it captures gasoline that's um instead of releasing extra gasoline into the atmosphere it captures it and puts it back down into the fueling station catalytic converters are uncared and they convert gases like carbon monoxide nox and hydrocarbons into less dangerous compounds like CO2 N2 and water vapor all gasoline powered vehicles have catalytic converters and the catalytic converters will release those less harmful pollutions into the atmosphere of course CO2 still contributes to global warming but it's much better than releasing carbon monoxide which can lead to human death so wet scrubbers and dry scrubbers are found in like Smoke Stack um buildings that combust coal and they help produce pollutants what scrubbers remove pollutants from exhaust teams they especially remove partic matter and SO2 dry scrubbers they use dry materials to remove gases from exhaust streams and they generally don't remove particular matter unlike W scrubbers electrostatic precipitators are also common in in those um combustion buildings they essentially have a metal and they use electrostatic charge to collect particulate matter onto the charge plates and then they release all the particular matter somewhere else acid rain it's caused from nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the atmosphere those uh noxs and socks they come from Co they come from burning power plants and NX comes from Motor Vehicles as well so these gases in the atmosphere will react with water vapor and oxygen and it'll form sulfuric and nitric acid and then these acids will come down as wet or dry deposition the wet deposition is less known as acid rate but can also it can also be dry deposition the soil get get acidified the pH levels lower and that can be outside the r T than many animal and overall har an ecosystem furthermore menade structures are corroded from the acid one interesting thing is that limone um neutralizes the effect of acid Rin so limestone is commonly used to protect um certain man-made structures from Acid Rin so noise pollution now noise pollution caus the stress and hearing loss at high levels and prolonged exposure to noise levels after above 85 DB causes damage 120 DB and above causes immediate damage noise pollution common commonly comes from areas including urban areas from Transportation construction and Industrial activity and noise pollution can induce stress on animals too the The Sounds make it hard for the animals to communicate or hunt as many animals were allowing their sound to hunt and furthermore Le sound the noise pollution can change migratory roots of animals adjusting their life unit eight Aquatic and terrestrial pollution so pollution is generally classified as two types point source refers to single identifiable pollution source for example a smoke stack a specific Smoke Stack a waste charge dis pipe discharge pipe and so on however non-point sources of pollution are sort of diffused and hard to pinpoint exactly where it's from for example General Urban runoff you don't know exactly where the runoff is coming from humans have several impacts on ecosystems from their activities the organisms tend to have rang of tolerances where they maintain homeostasis outside of this range organisms experience stress and health problems and potentially death for example Coral wreaths suffer damage from increasing ocean temperature sediment runoff and bottom trolling bottom trolling essentially dragging a huge fishnet along the bottom of the ocean to catch fish and that affects coral reefs oil spells can cause organisms to die from the hydrocarbons as oil will coat the feathers and fur organisms making it hard to move and breathe it can also cause skin and eye irritation furthermore oil on beaches cause economic consequences on fishing ands them as people will probably want to leave if they see oil in the ocean and litter can also harm aquatic organisms because it can block the intestines and choke the organisms finally heavy metals also contaminate ground Waters especially Mercury Mercury is common in fish which is why people are advised to eat Mercury or eat fish only a few times per week and heavy level of mercury can cause damage inside the organism so endocrine disruptors are just chemicals that interfere with hormone production these can cause several problems like birth defects developmental disorders and gender imbalances as hormones are really important to survive endocrine disruptors are generally synthetic chem chemicals such as polychlorinated bols and polybrominated bols pcbs and pbbs humans have several impacts on mangroves and wet lands wetlands are areas where water covers the soil part or all the time or all of it these Wetlands provide several ecological services like water filtering flood protections and natural habitats for organisms human impacts of dam construction over fishing and Commercial development all threaten the prosperity of wetlands as um Dam construction by even W land and over fishing can destroy populations living there therefore human activities can also just cause Wetlands to stop producing or and providing the important ecological Services which will be horrible for the ecosystem all right now I'm going to go over utri fication utri fication essentially occurs when a body of of water is enriched in nutrients like nitrogen phosphorus remember um earlier I mentioned that what's they oh yeah so nitrogen phosphorus tend to be limiting factors in ecosystems so essentially if it's um put into the ecosystem it can lead to lots of like lots of problems for example it'll cause major algae brooms and when the algae die the decomposition of the Dead algae will result in lots of oxygen being consumed in from the water and that oxygen gets rid of oxygen in the water and fish need that water to survive so they might die off and suffocate hypoxic areas are those said areas as they have no dissolved oxygen by definition alot trophic waterways tend to have low nutrients stable algae growth and high oxygen levels mesotropic waterways are in the middle and UT trophic waterways as we just covered they have high nutrients extreme algae growth and low oxygen levels thermal pollution thermal pollution is caused when heat is released into the water this causes damage to the organisms there for example the warm water contains less dissolved oxygen than cold water so it might be harder for animals to breathe furthermore the um thermal warm water might be outside of the range of tolerance for organisms that might cause them to um get in stress potentially leave and maybe die finally um you also must know that nuclear power plants have cooling towers as nuclear power plants use water and so before they relase relee the water back into the EOS into the water into the larger body of water they cool it down to prevent therbal pollution persistent organic pollutants Pops Pops do not break down in the environment as they're synthetic and carbon based molecules pcbs and ddts are example of Pops ddts were used heavily earlier but a SW scientist had research and showed its harms to the USA the USA stopped using as a pesticide however since it was so heavily used they're traces the pops in several Farm areas pops are soluble in fat so they easily accumulate in an organism's fatty tissue and they're not dissolved by water and flesh out by the organism so that's why they can accumulate and be further damaging to organisms furthermore wind and water can cause Pops to travel large distances increasing its spread and use and um ability to do damage bio accumulation and biomagnification bio accumulation is a selective absorption and concentration of elements or compounds in organism essentially it's pretty basic right just think of it as um pollutants or stuff get increasing in organism it's a really basic definition by biomagnification however refers to bi accumulation on a food web or a trophic level so essentially as you as you go high in the food web the um concentrations increase basically um this is because organism on the bottom trophic level they get some pollutants and organism that eat that organisms they get more polluants and it keeps going up and up developmental deformities and Exel thinnings can occur with high levels of harmful substances especially if they're biomagnified as they'll increase the level of the level of toxic stuff ddts pcbs and Mercury all bioaccumulate easily and they all have harmful impacts people are suggested to eat seafood only once or twice a week because the potential Mercury concentrations in the fish that they eat solid waste disposal Solid Waste is any discarded material which is not a liquid or gas they're often disposed in landfills and these landfills are called sanitary Municipal landfills so here are some traits of them they have a bottom liner which is generally plastic or clay essentially prevents uh the trash from leeching into the environment they also have a leuch collection system which collects sort of water contaminated and uses pipes to bring it out they also have a methane collection system because there's so much organic matter being decomposed methane is released so methane can be extracted from landfills and that can sometimes be used to burn for electricity furthermore they might have a cap which will just be clay and they'll prevent organisms and animals from going into the the trash bag solid waste can also be incinerated this reduces the volume of waste but it also releases Air pollutants though it has its sfalls tires are generally not accepted in landfills however that means they have to be left in piles and those piles turn into breeding grounds for mosquitoes which is a consequence of tires not being accepted because of their material ocean dumping is unfortunately common in some countries essentially some countries will just dump was into the ocean and as we went over this is very harmful for aquatic organisms finally e waste electronic waste contains toxic metals like your broken computers monitors stuff like that they'll contain toxic metals like lead Mercury and CIA so it must be disposed of carefully or reused or recycled yeah waste reduction so we've all heard this reduce reuse recycle and it's in this specific order because first you should reduce then reuse and then recycle this is because re um recycling costs energy so it's not extremely efficient recycling is when solid waste is processed and converted into new products and yeah it's more energy intensive and it can cost more composting is organic matter including yard and food waste decomposing and then being used as a fertilizer this can cause rodents to appear and be near and it can cause an odor but it is sort of a waste reduction method electronic waste can be reduced by Recycling and reusing combustion of gases method from landfills as I mentioned they can be used to generate electricity which is pretty cool right so you're using landfills to store trash but that released methane and use that to generate electricity which is pretty efficient cycle sewage treatment so there are different types of treatments in the sewage plant the first is primary treatment which is just the physical removal of large objects so screens and grates essentially filter out Solid Waste at the bottom of the tank secondary treatment is a biological process organic matter is broken down by bacteria CO2 is release and inorganic sludge is made from the organic material during this process the tin is irated so air is push onto the um decomposing organic matter and that increases the breakdown rate tertiary treatment is usually the next process essentially just think of it as using chemical processes to remove extra pollutant left in the water after tertiary treatment or sometimes tertiary treatment just skipped sometimes they'll then use um stuff like chlorine ozone or uvite to kill bacteria in the water before releasing the water into a body of water yeah ld50s lethal dose 50% think of it as just the the dose of a chemical that will kill um 50% of the population of a surgent species this is very useful to see how toxic surching chemicals are and the units it's expressed in milligrams per kilogram so the milligrams of a substance per the kilogram of a body of body weight for an organism so these um describe the mortality rate based on the dose of a toxin and you should know that the threshold is the first major increase in dut from the Curve generally rats are tested and then the l5s are converted for humans to determine to determine how toxic a substance is here's an example of the lg50 curve essentially the threshold um is shown there the first increase the Y access is the percent affected the percent of um organisms dead essentially and then the exact is the dose in migs per kilog okay now I'm going to go over effects of pollution on human health here are some um you need to know you need to know dysentry is an infectious disease and it causes the inflammation of the intestines it results in diarrhea as your body is trying to push the disease out and it's basically from poorly sanitized and yeah dirty water when you drink that it can lead to severe dehydration mesoa is a form of cancer that develops in the lighting of the lungs it's caused by exposure to ASB bestus fibers as we mentioned earlier proposer propos feric oone is causes several respiratory issues remember um stratospheric ozone is good tropospheric ozone is bad and the respiratory issues are asthma aggravation and decreased lung function the health effects of pollution are worse in poor countries this is because bad healthare and unclean CIA which makes sense more developed countries will have better resources better Healthcare and more money now I'm going to go over infectious diseases first you should all know that pathogens essentially are the things that cause the infectious diseases they adapt evolve to continue to spread to human populations pathogens are common in moist areas which are warm which is why climate change is also a bigger issue because it's increasing um the comfortness of pathogens pathogens spread through v through vectors lwi income areas as I mentioned earlier often lack sanitary waste disposal the spread of infectious diseases is more common the plague is a disease cured by organisms and is transferred to humans by the bite of an organism think of the Bubonic plague and that spread through infected fleas tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that attacks the lungs and it's just spread from Human to human when you Snee those uh toxic fluids that come will infect another person malaria and the West J virus are parasitic diseases caused by bites from infected mosquitoes and really common in Africa and they're very deadly SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome is a form of pneumonia it's transferred by inhaling or touching inflected fluids think of co9 right that's why people wearing mask because it spread so easily and yeah we saw all the issues that caused this too zika is a virus that spreads through mosquitoes it can be transmitted through through sexual contact and it causes birth defects like children with bigger brains if pregnant women has the virus it's also common in Africa finally um cholera is a bacterial disease contracted from infected Waters it's generally common in unclean and poor areas and it can cause diarrhea and dehydration through major fluid LOF again your body will be trying to push it out and um yeah so that'll lead to a lots of loss of fluid in your body and these are all the diseases you should know know them relatively well and the import suff for age all right last unit Unit Nine Global change so stratospheric ozone depletion is a major problem because stratospheric ozone is beneficial to us unlike tropospheric oone it absorbs juuv light and scatters solar radiation juuv light hitting us could cause skin cancer and cataracts anthropogenic factors like CFC and Natural Factors like the melting of the ice crystals both of those contribute to stratospheric depletion CFCs essentially um the chlorines will bond to some of the O3 oxygen because of the high electro negativity so that just makes a ton of o2s so C's are just chloro fluorocarbons and they're common refrigerants and and in air conditioning and refrigerators so one potential method to decreasing ozone depletion is just replacing CFC with HSC hydrocarbons and that won't deplete the ozone layer however it will still contribute to global warming the greenhouse effect so the main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide methane water vapor nitrous oxide and CCS not that water VAP Vapor has a short time in the atmosphere that's why we don't hear it much that contributes to climate change one thing to note is that the greenhouse effect even though it's causing large increases in temperature is necessary for us to live as if there wasn't a greenhouse effect then it would be too cold for us to live in the gwp global warming potential is a measured how much heat a greenhouse gas drops in the atmosphere over a time period is compared to carbon dioxide this is because the gwp of CO2 is one the gwp of CH4 is 28 gwp of n2o is 295 the CO2 still contributes the most to global warming even though gwp is so low this is because there's so much CO2 in the atmosphere so in general climate change like global warming it causes several problems the increasing sea levels from ice melt ice melting ice sheets that's one major problem that can affect coastal areas of human population the spread of disease vectors as warm disease vectors thrive in warm areas there also can be extreme weather events from climate change and ecosystems will be constantly changing finally their agricultural impacts global climate change the carbon dioxide data and Ice Chlor can show Earth's climate change as we can analyze the data to show what the climate was like in the past so effects of climate change include just Rising temperatures melting permafrost and C ice rising sea levels and displacement of coastal populations several organisms in the Arctic rely on the permafrost and sea ice which and that can damage their lifestyle changes in sea levels can create new habitats climate change can also affect wind circulation patterns ocean currents soil and species so the Earth warms and snow melts more solar energy is absorbed absorbed by the surface as snow radiat part of the solar energy back into space this is a positive feedback loop as global warming causes something and that will in turn increase global warming ocean warming so increase and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere also causes the warming of the oceans and the ocean warming can disrupt marine ecosystems by affecting species distribution and migration pattern it also contributes to Coral bleaching which is when the algae in the coral just get out the coral looks really white and the um Coral can potentially die as it's relying on the algae greatly ocean ocean acidification is when and more CO2 concentrations are absorbed by the ocean this makes the ocean more acidic and the end foric CET that release CO2 into the atmosphere contribute to acidification acidification overall just makes it hard for marinan creatures to form shells because of the loss of calcium carbonate invasive species Thrive outside of the normal habitat and generally intrude on other habitats we went over this many years ago but we're going over it again now in this unit often the r selected generalist will uncomp compete the natives so many methods must be used to control invasive species for example many invasive species in water will attach to a human boat so boats will be cleaned and inspected they don't drop off those invasive species in other habitats natural prayers can also be reduced to kill off the invasive species furthermore there are many laws which pres prevent the transport of invasive species endangered species so species can be threed with endangerment and even extinction extinction because of hunting and pushing the poor diets and invasive species or even Niche habitat requirements if the habitats are getting destroyed the adaptable species they're less likely to face Extinction as they'll just adapt to the challenge s of pressures are factors that change the behavior of an organism in an environment and the species in an ecosystem will compete for resources and that can lead to endangerment there are many ways to predict animal populations these include criminalizing poaching and legislation and creating new animal habitats and keeping animals safe rhinos were especially threatened because of the poaching for their horns which was seen as valuable there are many human impacts on biodiversity for example you should know this Acron hipco hi P PCO habitat destruction it's pretty self-explanatory you guys should know what habitat fragmentation is which is when large habitats are just broken up for road construction agricultural clearing or logging invasive species we went over this it can just out compete native species population growth so rapid human population grow leads to increased resource demand and that results in more habitate destruction and provisioning from nature pollution pollutants like chemicals and Plastics can harm Wildlife after we went over climate change changes in precipitation patterns and global warming alter the habitat overexploitation unsustainable use of plants and animals can lead to organism population decline this makes sense right you keep killing an organism keep using it it'll lead to population decline yeah thanks for listening that's the full review of Apes start to finish let us know if you have any questions in the comments and this video took a long time to make we'd greatly appreciate if you could like And subscribe and yeah thanks for listening best of luck on the exam be sure to practice a lot practice the fuse