okay let's talk about what happened in all these new states that the process of decolonization created in the second half of the 20th century and I admit it is both spicy and Saucy so if you're ready to get them brain cows milk let's get to it okay now over the course of the 20th century decolonization led to the creation of something like 80 new States and if you'll recall from previous units Imperial Powers were keen on drawing Colonial boundaries in ways that benefited themselves and not the colonial people and so in a lot of cases when States threw off Big Daddy Imperial Powers they inherited those Colonial boundaries now some States sought to draw new boundaries but whether they kept the colonial boundaries or Drew new ones the outcome in many cases was uh nasty and I'll give you two examples oh by the way if you want no guys to follow along with this video and all my videos check the link in the description okay so first let's consider the partition of India in 1947 so reach back into your brain folds and recall that the decolonization of India was an example of negotiated Independence as opposed to Independence through armed conflict so that's nice you know like nobody had to die in the cause of India's independence but here's where I tell you that after Independence a whole lot of people died on account of all those stupid Imperial boundaries and policies during the negotiations for India's independence both the British and Gandhi made frequent and impassioned appeals for India to remain United as a home to both the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority however the Muslim League which represented that Muslim minority was pretty skeptical that the Hindu majority would treat them fairly in an independent India and so the Muslims push for a state of their own long story short the independence agreement amounted to the partition of India into two states one for the Hindu people and another for Muslims known as Pakistan okay so that sounds nice and tidy like everybody gets what they want right well I'm paper yeah it makes a lot of sense but in reality this solution turned violent real quick you see even though the partition and the new boundaries it created largely reflected the existing locations of these rival ethnic groups still there were significant numbers of Hindus living in the Muslim areas and Muslims living in the Hindu areas and so when Independence came Muslims fled to the north while Indians fled to the South and in the process they committed enormous amounts of violence against one another and once the dust had settled over 12 million people had migrated to one State or the other and over half a million had died yet another turd filled Legacy of Imperial realism and look I wish I could tell you that that was the last of the conflicts caused by the drawing of those boundaries but then I would be lying see after the migrations were done and the violence has settled yet another conflict arose over the region of Kashmir so in every state of the newly Independent India Muslims were the minority excepting Kashmir where they held a large majority and the fact that it bordered Pakistan made pakistanis assume that Kashmir would be added to their territory however complicating the issue even further was the fact that the ruler of the state was a Hindu and that region was home to valuable natural resources if you've been paying attention throughout this whole of course then when I say valuable natural resources then I assume you know where this is headed India went ahead and declared that cashmir belonged to them and Pakistan responded by launching a tax in the region to claim it as their own the United Nations stepped in to mediate the dispute and insisted that the people of Kashmir themselves vote on the territorial outcome of their state which given their Muslim population would have certainly resulted in Pakistan annexing Kashmir however the vote never occurred and the region has been a source of conflict between the two States and China to this day China where' China come from well that's a whole another story so don't worry about it all you need to remember here is that Kashmir equals conflict thanks imperialism okay now the second example of colonial boundaries causing conflict is the creation of the state of Israel in 1948 now before World War I Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire and therefore was home to a Muslim majority however as you may remember the Ottomans took a stiff l in the war and as a result Palestine was transferred to Great Britain under the mandate system and that put Britain in a tight spot but why says you well I'm about to tell you says I you see since the late 19th century a nationalistic ideology called Zionism gained a lot of traction among Jews scattered around Europe and one of the chief desires of Zionist Jews was to have a state of their own specifically in their ancestral land of Israel which happened to be the same state that we've been talking about namely Palestine now under the influence of Zionism large migrations of Jews to Palestine occurred before and after World War I and in addition to Zionism this migration was incouraged by the bow for declaration which was a pledge by the British to make Palestine a home for the Jews now I probably don't have to tell you that the Arab Muslims who lived in Palestine vigorously resisted this migration and this reenvisioning of their territory as a home for the Jews but then things got even more tense on account of a huge spike in Jewish migration to Palestine during World War II as Jews fled the persecution of the Holocaust now after the War the British could discern no tidy way to solve the Palestine problem so they handed the decision to the United Nations who declared that Palestine will be partitioned into two states one for the Jews and one for Arab Muslims and Jews not surprisingly accepted this plan and declared independence in 1948 but the Palestinians found this about as welcome as a porcupine and a balloon factory and refused to give up their land to what seemed to them yet another consequence of European Colonial control therefore for almost immediately Palestinians took up arms against the Israelis with support from neighboring Arab states and in the end the Israelis won that war but several other conflicts between the two groups who had erupt throughout the 20th century and even today the legacy of this partition has the region embroiled in Conflict okay now let's completely shift gears and consider how these newly independent states fared economically but we're not going to consider every detail here in fact you really only need to focus on one idea in this section and that's how governments got involved in directing their economies after Independence and I'm feeling saucy so I'm going to give you two examples first let's revisit our boy Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt whom we talked about in the last video but here you just need to understand that as a key member of the non-aligned movement Nasser played off the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in order to get all kinds of involved in helping Egypt's economic development for example in 1956 NASA nationalized the Suz Canal which brought it squarely under Egyptian control and when Western Powers invaded Nasser gained Soviet support to end the conflict and then in 1970 he oversaw the completion of the oswan High Dam on the Nile river which provided electricity and irrigation for much of Egypt addition Al NASA initiated social welfare reforms including free schooling and healthcare for Egyptian citizens now NASA's economic policies had some ups and some downs but the point is the Egyptian government played a significant role in directing their economy after Independence and then the second example of this trend comes from India under the leadership of Indira gandi no relation to this guy who became the first and so far only female prime minister of India in 1966 as it turned out she inherited an economic crisis brought on by the ongoing conflict with Pakistan and the droughts that had caused widespread famine and in response she implemented a series of 5 year socialist economic plans which aim to allow the government to assert more control over the economy instead of relying on foreign aid from powerful Western Nations and so one of her main legacies here was her adoption of the Green Revolution which used science to develop High yielding grain and we'll talk more about that in unit 9 and this development increased Harvest yield and made India agriculturally self-sufficient additionally Gandhi oversaw the nationalization of key Indian Industries and introduced significant government regulations on others her nationalization of Banks and the increases of taxes on the wealthy along with her 20 point economic plan reduced inflation and increased production throughout India and finally the last development we need to consider is how Colonial Independence often led to significant waves of migration now the language you're going to see on your exam is that these people migrated to metropoles which in the age of Imperialism designated the territory of the Imperial country in distinction from their colonial Holdings so for example India was a colony of Great Britain So Great Britain would be the Metropole of India so during this period lots of Indians in this example migrated to Great Britain and if you've been paying attention for the last couple of videos that sounds a little weird right I mean why would former Colonial subjects migrate to the land of their former Imperial overlords well over the long history of colonialism Imperial states and their colonies developed both cultural and economic connections with one another so even if the presence of an imperial power was unwelcome in a colony the colonial people grew familiar with the customs and culture of that occupying power therefore in light of the various economic difficulties faced in newly independent States during decolonization some people chose to migrate to the cities of those metropoles to find work so we see many South Asians migrating to Great Britain algerians to France and Filipinos to the United States for example and ultimately this Mass migration transformed these majority white and culturally homogeneous societies into genuine multi-ethnic societies not to mention those migrations kept the cultural and economic ties between those two places alive and well Okay click here to keep reviewing for Unit 8 and click here to grab my video note guides which will help you cram all the content of this course firmly into your brain fold I'll catch you on the flipflop I'm L out