what's up everybody before we start print out the speed review sheet to help you follow along with this video it's free and you can find a link in the description below go through and circle any cases documents broke out that you don't quite remember once you've mastered it check it off and move on alright so let's go and start with unit one the Declaration of Independence contains three ideals of democracy natural rights social contract and popular sovereignty meanwhile the Constitution gives us limited government and republicanism by the way don't forget that the constitution established the us as a republic not a democracy the framers were super suspicious of the people then there's our three types of democracy participatories about broad participation pluralists about groups an elite is about a limited role for individuals next we know that federally support the new constitution they want a stronger central government and they oppose the Bill of Rights anti-federals are the opposite they wanted states rights they wanted a Bill of Rights and they didn't want strong central government of course we remember the article's Confederation which created a very weak central government Congress could do some things like declaring war or coining money but they couldn't tax and they couldn't regulate interstate commerce following Shazer battle which demonstrated the weakness of the article Confederation we have the Constitutional Convention and ended up with a brand new constitution there were four examples of negotiation and compromise the Great Compromise established a bicameral legislature the Electoral College choose the president every five slaves account is three people for Congressional apportionment and the slave trade could only be abolished after 20 years our Article 5 also created a minimum process to allow the Constitution to be changed in the future two main principles of American government are separation powers and checks and balances so be sure to remember that separation of power is talking about the powers of each branch whereas checks and balances involves how they each limit or influence the other branches and you can use Federalist 51 for all that stuff and speaking of in Federal's 10 Madison argues against democracy and says that a large Republic is the best way to control factions and bridges opposed Constitution and warn that the new federal government will become oppressive to be advocated for states rights and local Democratic policy making then there's federalism and the relationship between states and the federal government has changed and evolved over time where the general Trend being that the federal government has gained more power make sure you remember your powers delegated given to the Federal Reserve held by the states and concurrent they can both do it enumerated powers are written in the Constitution while implied powers are not but are claimed by Congress the US has moved from Dual to cooperative federalism in the past it was really clear whether something was a state or a federal issue and today those lines are really super blurry one of the main ways the federal government's gain more power is by giving money to the States states prefer block grants because they have a little bit more leeway categorical grants preferred by Congress because they get to tell us it's exactly what to do and man leads the federal government just bosses the states around tells them exactly what they have to do another main reason Federal power has grown is because of changing interpretations of the Constitution for example McCallie versus Maryland says that Congress has implied powers and the supremacy clause means that states can't tax the federal government and today Congress uses the Commerce Clause to regulate anything affecting interstate commerce so that's a huge amount of power that they have now although U.S versus limited that a little bit when the Court ruled against Congress and held that not everything affects interstate commerce okay and that's unit one unit two let's start with Congress and differences between the house and the Senate thousands by population representing districts they have two-year terms there's more rules more focused on leadership there's a rules committee they can form itself into a committee of the whole and they have discharge petitions the senator represent states and their Troopers State they have six-year terms it's less formal Lester rules they're allowed to do filibusters and holds then they can make use of unanimous consent agreements filibusters and hold slow down lawmaking while discharge petitions Committees of the whole and unanimous consent agreements hurry it up most stored in Congress is done in committee this is where they edit revised markup bills that's where they hold hearings they're also the ones in charge of congressional oversight later on conference committees are used when the house is sending past different versions of the same bill and select committees are temporary investigative ones to get stuff passed there's log rolling which is vote trading there's poor bear legislation providing money and benefits to somebody's district and to give money there's discretionary mandatory spending discretion is what Congress has direct control over every year and makes about 30 percent of the federal budget mandatory spending on the other hand is about 70 includes entitlements and things like Social Security Medicare Medicaid things that have to be spent by law every 10 years after the census Congress is reapportion it means they change the number of seats that each state has in the House Representatives once that happens we need to do redistricting which is redrawing the Congressional Maps very often this leads to gerrymandering which is drawing districts in bizarre shapes to benefit one party or another and it is allowed but racial gerrymandering is not according to Shaw versus Reno ambigu versus Carr gives us the one person one vote principle of voting equality in Congressional elections there's three models of congressional representation trustee you vote the way you think is best delegate you do what your constituents want you to do and Politico sometimes one sometimes the other next up presidency presidents have foreign powers like being Commander in Chief making treaties and having veto power they also have informal powers like executive orders signing statements and executive agreements one of the biggest checks on the presidency is sending confirmation for major appointments like federal judges bureaucracy and things like that and the AP exam to focus on tension between Congress and the president when it comes to lawmaking presidents make executive orders but congress makes legislations to perceives executive orders and so there's usually a lot of fighting between Congress and the president a great argument essay topic is about an expansive or a limited interpretation of Presidential Power in other words how much power is it okay for the president to have should it be limited to what the Constitution says which means not much at all or should he be able to do just about anything he wants because well he's president he got voted on by everybody and federal 70 argued for a unitary executive meaning just one person as president president has the advantage of the bully pulpit which means anything he says or does is newsworthy and so he gets a lot of attention for example to save the Union Address is a nationally televised speech to Congress of trilliest to the people and he's telling them hey do everything I want you to do and I probably need to tell you about modern presence use social media quite a bit to communicate directly with people not to be forgotten the Judiciary article 3 creates the Judiciary but doesn't really give much power in Marvel versus Madison the Supreme Court gave itself the power of judicial review allowing it to rule laws unconstitutional Hamilton did talk about that in federal summer 78 where he argued for an independent Judiciary giving life term to judges so that they could exercise the power of judicial review this reward often but not always follows precedent Starry decisions left the decision stand and is usually what the court does but again not always and with the ideological balance of the Court shifts that's going to affect the decisions that the court makes remember the president nominates federal judges and the Senate confirms them there's debate about how much power federal judges should have since they're unelected Advocates of judicial restraints say the court should not be too quick to use its judicial review Powers instead deferring to the democratically elected branches whereas Advocates of judicial activism are more okay with the court actively using its powers and remember the Supreme Court lacks police power so they can't enforce their own ruling so they rely on President and state governments to do that for them and Congress can check the courts too they can propose Constitutional Amendment they can change the jurisdiction of the Court they can change the number of federal judges and they can pass a different version of the same bill that just got struck down last in the infused the bureaucracy part of the Executive Branch the vast majority of democracy are non-political appointees they get their job through the Merit to some not the old-fashioned patronage system Cabinet departments are huge and have the broadest area of power independent regulatory commissions have more narrow responsibilities and make regulations for specific Industries executive agencies provide the government service and government corporations act like private companies except they do something that's not profitable that's why they exist in the first place Congress sets broad policy goals and then lets the agencies fill in the details giving them discretionary Authority and even rulemaking and regulating power so bureaucrac regulations half the power of law but this is often criticized as being undemocratic iron triangles and issue networks represent the close relationship between committees interest groups and bureaucratic agencies in which each part helps the other two congressional oversight is the most significant check on the bureaucracy agency heads are required to testify in front of Congress they hold hearings investigations and Congress has the power of the person they have budget power over the agencies and presidents use executive orders over the bureaucracy not unit 3 the Bill of Rights limited the power of the federal government but now through incorporation also limits state governments saying that neither government can take away your fundamental Liberties civil liberties are individual rights we all enjoy like speech press religion Etc with religion there's the establishment clause which prevents the government from establishing an official religion or helping or harming a religion it was used in Ingle versus vital which banned state-sponsored Public School prayer free access Clause allows you to practice the religion or not of your choice and it was used in Wisconsin versus Yoda which said that free exercise was more important than the state's interest in compulsory School attendance even though the Bill of Rights doesn't say it this report says that there can be time place in Manchester actions on speech and they use this in shame versus us where they upheld restrictions on speech thinker versus Des Moines reminded us that students have free speech at school and said that symbolic speech is pure speech and therefore is protected not all speeches protected though libel slander fighting words and obscenity are not protected while hate speech and symbolic speech are New York Times versus the US is a victory for civil liberties where the Supreme Court did not allow the Nixon Administration to block publication of the Pentagon papers in McDowell or Chicago the Supreme Court Incorporated an individual right to bear arms applying that to the states and the AP exam loves to focus on that tension between Liberty and security and the idea of incorporation comes from the due process clause which said that nor shall any state deprive any person of life liberty or property without due process of law the Supreme Court has used that to apply the Bill of Rights to the States on a case-by-case basis and this is weakened state power then there's the Fourth Amendment which prohibits unreasonable surges and seizures the exclusionary rule says that illegally obtained evidence cannot be used against you in court there's also the Miranda rule which says the police have to inform you of your rights when you're being arrested but there is a public safety exception where police can ask a specified a question without telling them their rights if the public safety is in danger and Gideon versus Wainwright says that states have to provide with an attorney if they can't afford one there's also the right of privacy which is notable because it's not directly written in the Bill of Rights and it has been the basis for abortion rights specifically Roe versus Wade which was struck down in the summer of 2022. opening the door to allow states to make their own abortion restrictions if they choose to civil rights on the other hand are protections of groups from discrimination and they are often based on the equal protection Clause of the 14th amendment in his Timeless letter from Birmingham Jail MLK promoted social movements and Civil Disobedience as tactics for disadvantaged groups to use to gain the Freedom's promise in the words of the founding documents relatedly we've seen many social movements like the Civil Rights Movement the women's rights movement and black lives matter were grouped protest and demonstrate to try to get policy changed examples of policy change include the Civil Rights Act which ban discrimination and employment and public accommodations the voter I attack banned literacy tests and other obstacles to vote and Title IX of the education limits ban sex discrimination in schools Brown versus Board ruled segregation Public Schools unconstitutional striking a major blow to Jim Crow laws and both Advocates and critics of affirmative action use the 14th amendment's equal protection Clause to make their case for themselves the colorblind interpretation says that there can be no racial distinctions while the race conscious versions says those racial distinctions are only prohibited if they're intended to do harm minorities not to help them okay three down two to go stay with me okay unit four there are some broad ideals I have support among most people from across the ideological Spectrum including individualism equal opportunity free enterprise and a rule of law but then there's political ideology conservative liberal libertarian political socialization is the idea of how do people acquire their ideology and the number one answer is parents but there's also generational effects there's life cycle effects people change throughout the course of their lives and major political events also have an influence political scientists use public opinion polls to try to measure public opinion they use a number of techniques like Mass surveys and focus groups additionally candidates use bench Arc poles before they've announced their candidacy there's also tracking polls to follow opinion over time exit entrance polls that are taken on Election Day and opinion polls that ask people their opinion about just about everything for a poll to be scientifically valid it must contain a random sample in which all people in the population have an equal chance of being selected the sample must be stratified and it must contain a sampling error or a margin of error because some of the results could be the result of chance variation limpers tend to want more social freedoms but more economic regulation and more government efforts to help the poor conservatives are the opposite they typically want more economic freedom but are okay with some social freedoms being restricted especially on religious grounds meanwhile Libertarians they just want freedom all the time and both social and in economic areas the Democratic party leans more liberal while the Republican party is more conservative with economics we have two more specific ideologies Keynesian economics says that the government should spend money to fight recessions and supplies that economics says the government should cut taxes to fight recessions fiscal policy is the term for government tax and spending policies and is controlled by Congress and the president and monetary policy has to do with money supply in the interest rates and that's done by the Federal Reserve the FED would increase the money supply to fire sessions and they would cut the money supply to fight inflation okay just one more to go unit 5 starts with four models of voting behavior rational Choice voting says you vote for what's best for you personally retrospective you vote on the recent past prospective you vote for who you think will do better with future issues and party line voting you always vote for the same party states are in charge of federal elections for example some states have automatic or same-day registration and make it easier to get mail-in ballots more chances for early voting while other states focus more on election security and have strict photo ID laws and other policies that potentially could reduce turnout several pivotal Amendments have expanded voting rights like the 15th Amendment which said that race couldn't be a barrier the 19 said neither could sex and the 26 which lowered the voting age 18. and the 24th amendment banfall taxes speaking of Elections the name purpose of political parties is to gain power and to win elections they do this by recruiting candidates nominating candidates supporting campaigns with money advertising and helping to get out the vote but parties have been getting weaker in recent years there's the rise of candidates into politics where people care more about the candidate than they do about his or her party affiliation addition to the rise of the primary system and campaign Finance laws have also weakened political parties there's also been a regional realignment where the South was Democratic and has switched to become solidly Republican and there's been a d-alignment in which people are leaving both parties there are third parties but the system is rigged against them there are structural barriers like our winner take all systems single member districts and our plurality system there's also ballot requirements and fees these are all structural barriers of third-party success then there's informal barriers like people feeling like they're wasting their vote if they vote for a third party but people can also join interest groups whose purpose is to influence public policy usually for for a more narrower specific purpose one major function of interest groups is lobbying where they influence congressmen to support or oppose certain policies sometimes they get to draft legislation being in the room where it happens they also raise and spend money on politics often establishing pacts for that purpose some interest groups are very powerful and some are not this shows an inequality in economic and political resources as well as unequal access to lawmakers then there's elections to become the official candidate you have to win your party's primaries or caucuses there are open and closed primaries and then the general election where the winter actor takes office presidential candidates are officially nominated at the National Convention in the primaries they try to appeal to their party's base while in the general election they appeal to moderates and independents to win the presidency you have to win a majority of the Electoral College votes Candace focus on swing States or Battleground states that have a large number of electoral votes and could vote for either party with Congress elections there is a huge incumbency advantage especially for members of the house and voter turnout is lower in midterm election years than it is in presidential election years though it's been increasing lately modern campaigns are super long like forever long and are characterized by lots of fundraising and hiring political Consultants to basically make everything PR perfect oh and then there's money bikra the bipartisan campaigner format ban soft money and attempted to reduce the role of money in politics in some other ways too but it was mostly struck down by Citizens United versus FEC in 2010 which all the corporations are people and spending money is free speech so corporations can spend unlimited amounts of money on politics this led to the creation of superbacks regular packs raise and spend an unlimited amount of money on politics and so do Super PAC the key difference is that corporations and labor unions are allowed to give money to Super Pacs but they can't give money to regular packs BP exam loves to ask that it's about Free Speech versus electoral integrity and lastly the news media the gatekeeper role means they choose what to report on and what we know about the way people get their news is different older people more old-fashioned newspapers and TV younger Generations more internet and social media and we have a ton of media choices to get our news but a lot of news media today is ideologically oriented gearing their news towards liberals conservatives and this leads to uncertainty about the validity of news sources as well as concerns about bias alright that is it for this one if you're about to walk into the AP exam right now you got this if you still have a couple days check out the ultimate review packet it has three full-length practices to get you ready to kill it on test day until next time this is Ben all the money production