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How are ionic compounds formed?
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Ionic compounds are formed from the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals.
Differentiate between a pure element and a compound.
A pure element is composed entirely of one type of atom, whereas a compound is composed of different types of atoms.
Classify water and explain why it fits that category.
Water (H₂O) is a covalent compound because it consists of nonmetals sharing electrons.
Which type of elements typically form ionic compounds?
Typically, ionic compounds are formed with metals and nonmetals.
Explain why oxygen (O₂) is considered a pure element and a molecule.
Oxygen (O₂) is considered a pure element because it consists of the same type of atoms, and a molecule because it contains two atoms bonded together.
Define a cation and give an example.
A cation is a positively charged ion with more protons than electrons. Example: Aluminum ion (Al³⁺).
What is an ion, and how does it differ from an atom?
An ion is a particle with an unequal number of protons and electrons, resulting in a charge. An atom is electrically neutral.
What makes water a molecule and not a pure element?
Water is a molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, making it not a pure element.
What is a molecule?
A particle that contains two or more atoms, which can be of the same or different types.
Identify the exception to the rule for covalent and ionic compounds.
Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is an exception; although composed of nonmetals, it is an ionic compound due to the presence of ions.
What defines a covalent (molecular) compound?
Covalent (molecular) compounds are composed of nonmetals, involving the sharing of electrons.
Why is helium considered a pure element?
Helium is composed of single atoms, making it a pure element.
Why is sodium chloride (NaCl) classified as an ionic compound?
Sodium chloride is composed of a metal (sodium) and a nonmetal (chlorine), making it an ionic compound.
What is the charge of a phosphorus ion with 15 protons and 18 electrons?
The phosphorus ion has a 3- charge, making it an anion.
Define an atom.
A single particle composed of one type of element.
Why is ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) considered an ionic compound?
Ammonium chloride is considered an ionic compound because it contains ionic components (NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻), even though it is composed of nonmetals.
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