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Identify the key factors contributing to flooding in Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Key factors include delta with 13 major rivers, rising sea levels, volcanic geology, mountainous terrain limiting absorption, and groundwater extraction leading to subsidence.
What role did floodplains play in the development of early agriculture?
Floodplains provided nutrient-rich soil replenished by regular flooding, which was ideal for agriculture and led to food surpluses and societal development.
What is the potential benefit of replanting mangroves in flood management?
Replanting mangroves can help stabilize coastlines, reduce erosion, and provide natural barriers against storm surges and flooding.
What aspects of Java's geography and climate contribute to its flooding challenges?
Java's tropical monsoon climate and volcanic geology, coupled with urbanization, contribute to limited water absorption and increased flooding risk.
How does urbanization affect flooding risk and water management?
Urbanization increases impervious surfaces, reduces vegetation, limits rainwater absorption, increases runoff, and exacerbates flooding risk.
Discuss the balance needed between human development and natural river processes.
Balancing human development with natural river dynamics is crucial for flood risk management and environmental preservation, including efforts like replanting mangroves and creating wetlands.
What are the ethical concerns related to altering or exchanging wetlands?
Altering wetlands can harm ecosystems by reducing biodiversity and disrupting natural water management processes.
Describe the role and importance of wetlands in water management.
Wetlands act as natural filters for water, manage runoff, and can help filter pollutants such as acid mine drainage.
What causes 'flashy' watersheds and how do they impact flood dynamics?
'Flashy' watersheds, caused by urbanization and loss of natural sponges, lead to quick and intense flooding due to fast surface runoff.
What is the impact of rising sea levels on river base levels in delta regions?
Rising sea levels can raise river base levels, leading to increased flooding risk in delta regions.
Explain the difference between overland flow and groundwater flow in river systems.
Overland flow is water from precipitation that doesn’t infiltrate the soil, while groundwater flow is water moving through saturated soil and is typically more consistent.
How can learning about indigenous histories aid in managing local watersheds?
Understanding indigenous knowledge and their relationship with the land can offer insights into sustainable practices and aid in managing flood risks.
Why is vegetation loss significant in the context of floodplain management?
Vegetation loss reduces water infiltration, aquifer recharge and increases surface runoff, exacerbating flood risks.
How do hydrographs help in managing and understanding river discharge?
Hydrographs track river discharge over time, helping to understand changes in stream flow and the influence of human activities on flooding.
What are the main characteristics of perennial streams?
Perennial streams are fed primarily by groundwater and flow year-round.
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