Hello everyone, this is your master teacher Surabhi Gupta from Vedantu and Meri Katsha mein aapka swagat hai. Today we are going to be doing the entire chapter Rise of Nationalism in Europe in 20 minutes. That is my challenge.
Let's see if I will be able to do it. So let's start the video Do not forget to give a thumbs up to this video Subscribe to the channel if you haven't subscribed yet So that you do not miss any live videos that we share with you And do not forget to share this video guys If you like it then do share it with one person So let's start Raja is a very good person rise of nationalism in Europe, how nationalism spread in Europe and how it established nation-states The story begins, your chapter begins with this painting by Frederick Seurat whose name is The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republic The Path Between Nations by Frederick Seurat, 1848 This painting was made in 1848 where in the middle is the Statue of Liberty In one hand is the torch of enlightenment and in the other hand is the Charter of Rights of Men People are moving in Qatar who belong to different nation states The countries that have passed the Statue of Liberty are USA and Switzerland Because they were already nation states Just in front of them is France, which had a revolution in France And behind that are countries like Lombardy, Germany, Italy Because they were not nation states yet So now they are in Qatar All the countries are moving forward by homage to Statue of Liberty You can call this painting Utopian, Dreamlike or an imaginary world Because till this point the nation state was divided into different parts In different kingdoms, duchies, cantons and kingdoms Nation state was not established in a way So you can call this painting Utopian This painting is called Utopian because it is told that in a time in Europe nation state, to establish was a dream in people's eyes so how did we reach that point? now let me tell you some theory part as I said earlier every king had his kingdom there was no fixed boundary sometimes there was a kingdom of king sometimes he used to take another kingdom and increase it people didn't have any loyalty in each other they just knew that we are subjects under this king then after that a modern state was established where sovereignty was centralized means the controlling power was centralized in a person or an authority but gradually the establishment of nation state started like India is a nation state because neither we have sovereignty, nor we have decision making power nor we have boundary but there is an Indianness in the middle of the people we have a shared history, a sense of common identity we connect with each other and have relations with each other and not because of a ruler so we are a nation state so when the revolution comes in France in 1789 then sovereignty is surely transferred from the king to the people from monarchy to the people but to establish the nation state, French identity was brought how it was brought?
there a new tricolour flag was established The State General was renamed as National Assembly Centralised administration was brought Uniform laws within the territory Uniform dates and measures were brought French as a common language was established And the local dialects were removed Through this, it was tried that the people of France They felt a sense of patriotism They felt that they belong to a nation If you remember the history of 9th standard You know it After French Revolution, a constitutional monarchy is formed Then reign of terror comes, Maximilian Robespierre comes Then they are killed Then again there is a government of a directory Due to political instability, Napoleon comes No, there is no problem here, just remember that Napoleon becomes the Emperor of France in 1804 When he becomes the Emperor, he comes like a modernizer He brings the civil... Code of 1804 where they bring right to property, remove privileges based on birth, bring equality before law, bring improvement in transportation and communication, the feudal system used to happen where if you are the son of a king, you will become a king, if you are a peasant, you will have to do useless work, all that was removed, the guild restrictions, the trade restrictions were removed, uniform currency and weights and measures were taken by Napoleon. So initially because When Napoleon brought such good measures, he was given the tag of Harbinger of Liberty.
But gradually people realized that they are bringing liberty but they are restricting people's political freedom. Forcibly people were told that you have to become a part of the army. taxes were paid to them so people were very worried about all this and he was known as the destroyer of democracy so many people were worried about Napoleon now you know what is happening in France So what was the society like in Europe? In Europe, there were two types of people who mostly existed One was Aristocracy Aristocracy were those people who were very rich But their number was very less Few people were so rich They spoke French They had a relationship of marriage They used to marry each other They used to keep property in their own hands In all the aristocrats of Europe High society people used to have a connection with each other But the same money If we talk about peasants, they were numerically very large, they had a lot of numbers And they did useless work, they had a lot of taxes, they were the majority of the population So peasants were the majority of the population In all these things, there is an emergence of a new class called the middle class or industrial class Middle class was the class who were factory workers, educated, who owned the factory, industrialists These are the people who question me the existing system of monarchy They started saying why should we listen to the king Why should we pay tax Why not on the basis of marriage Instead of birth Marriage should be the basis on which people should be judged They were also called liberal class Because they used to talk a lot about liberalism Liberalism means freedom Freedom of all kinds If we talk about politics They used to talk about voting rights We should have equality We should have equality They didn't consider equality for everyone.
They wanted equality for women. They were saying that only men with property should have voting rights. They wanted freedom politically. Government should be by consent and there should be no monarchy.
They wanted there to be no restrictions in the market. Earlier, if we talk about Germany, there were many confederation of states. If you go from one state to another, the rates and measures would change.
and the taxes used to change so it was very difficult to do business so these industrialists said that we need economic liberalism we need economic freedom we don't need restrictions to trade we don't need taxes so these were their demands so liberals used to exist because of these demands they formed their own custom union trade union in 1834 called the Zolwerin where the tariff barriers which were tax barriers from the German currency system, they brought it to 2, they pushed the railways because if the transportation is good then the trade will be better. So all of this they brought with the new custom union called the Zollwerin. Now think what is happening in the society.
In France, Napoleon is ruling. There is a lot of opposition against Napoleon. On one side there is a new middle class, liberals, on the other side there are conservatives.
Who are the conservatives? Conservatives were those who believed that monarchy should be brought back to France and Europe who believed in old ideas So now we will see that Conservatives defeat Napoleon in Battle of Waterloo in 1815 Who are these conservative countries? These are Prabhu Prabhu means Prussia, Russia, Austria and Britain Here, monarchy was already there in these nations They didn't want the revolution in France to happen in our country as well They wanted monarchy to come back to France They were the new conservatives They were very rude and believed in old beliefs but they didn't want to go back to the old world They wanted conservatism to be a king and modern army to be adopted They wanted to adopt dynamic economy and our state to be strong only if we keep technology and tradition in our hands So they were the new conservatives So the states were united in Austria Abai!
Yeh mile Austria mein. Andar the Chancellor Duke Metternich jo unka host tha. Aur unho ne Treaty of Vienna signed ki 1815 ki.
Jisme Bourbon dynasty ko unho ne objective banaya ki jo Bourbon dynasty France. We will re-establish Louis XVI in France We will undo the changes Napoleon brought in France We will bring back monarchy And he said that the new censorship laws like and it was very autocratic and it was going to show a lot of power this new conservative regime when conservative regime was going on then the liberals who wanted political and economic freedom They became the biggest enemy of the social order They became the enemy of the conservatives So they started to make their own secret societies There was a revolutionary of Italy called Guseppi Mazzini Guseppi Mazzini made two secret societies Young Italy in Marseille and Young Europe in Bern He said that the Italian speaking people are living in different places They are living in different empires He said that this is wrong and against the wishes of God He believed that Italians should live under one roof In one country, in one nation state called Italy He said that unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty There will be freedom when all Italian speaking people will live under one roof, under one nation state Guzzipi Mazzini's ideas were so popular that they reached India That's why Duke Metternich discussed them as the most dangerous enemy of our social order means the biggest enemy in our society's order which can shake us is Guseeti Mazini Now we come to the age of revolution Now because the interest against the conservatives had increased middle class was emerging so the first upheaval happened in July 1830 where the liberal revolutionaries removed the Bourbon dynasty and again established the constitutional monarchy that means kept Louis Philippe as the king but his power was very less Duke Metternich said a dialogue here when France sneezes the entire Europe catches cold France sneezes the whole Europe gets cold so this happened here France is seen as the July revolution and Belgium is separated from the United Kingdom of Netherlands and with French Revolution this happens in 1830 1830 is a very shocking decade because at this time a new feeling emerges called Romanticism Romanticism is an ideology that talks about how if you want to make a nation state then you can't make it with wars, fights culture plays an important role language plays an important role you have cheese It's not a fight but emotion is important, intuition is important They used to talk about mystical feelings For example, Johann Gottfried Herder gave two concepts Das Walk and Walgeist In Das Walk, he said that if you want to find the real German culture You won't find it in big houses but in stories of common people Walgeist means the spirit of the nation You will find it in folk dance and folk poetry If you want to know about India you will find India in the songs of the villages as it is being discussed here Karol Krupinski also said that folk dances like Polonaise or folk music like Mazurka, Polonaise through all these you will see Polish culture so this romantic feeling was also spreading in Europe now let's come to the Greece War of Independence Greece War of Independence was going on for a long time Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire The Islamic empire of Kata was considered as cradle of civilization of Europe So people of Europe used to think that in Greece only civilization is there Like for us Banaras is there or Indus valley is there For Europe the civilization that used to happen in Greece was history Now that is part of Islamic empire and Europeans didn't like that So Greece nationalists used to get a lot of support from the rest of Europe to separate from the Ottoman empire I'm sorry Now the romanticism was also spread in Greece So finally we see that in Greece a war of independence takes place starting from 1821 And finally in 1832 Treaty of Constantinople is signed and Greece is established as a nation state 1830s is also considered to be a period of great economic hardship Why? Population increases Unemployment also increases Jobs are not so much People from rural areas People come to Europe but they don't get a job.
Why is this happening? First, because in Europe, the peasants were still under feudal lords. Second, due to industrialization, cheap machine-made goods came into the market.
due to which the artisans who used to do the work of hand-washing started getting unemployed food prices also increased a lot, people became unemployed Popperism was widespread, which means you could buy bread for 100 rupees Now you can't even buy bread So poverty started to spread a lot Then comes 1848's revolution of the poor Poor people get upset and remove the king from their throne And France is declared as a republic Where everyone who is above the age of 21 has the right to vote Now because there is a revolution of the poor in France So you know when France got a cold, Europe got cold So France took a revolution The liberals of Germany also decided that they will also do the revolution and establish the nation state So the middle class professionals in 1848 together with the elected representatives of A31 went to Frankfurt parliament They converted St. Paul church into Frankfurt parliament They also made a new constitution and went to King of Prussia the most German speaking people lived in Prussia So he went to the king of Prussia and said We want to make a nation state of German speaking people You accept our constitution So the king said, are you mad? Why should I give you my power? I have absolute power So Frederick Wilhelm IV together with his military commander suppressed and disbanded this entire revolution So this middle class revolution But after this revolution, the monarchs of Europe realized that there is no point in suppressing people They will rise again, so they became lenient and started bringing changes They started bringing liberalism and freedom in the European nation For example, Hungarians were given autonomy in 1867 and the conservative nation-state was established again They thought that they will be the only ones who will rule Why should we establish a nation state?
Now we will come to three unifications First is unification of Italy Talking about Italy, Italian speaking people were divided into different parts Some people were in Kingdom of Sicily, some were under Papal States, some were under Habsburg Empire There was only one house of Sardinia Piedmont where Italian speaking people lived and the king was Italian The king was Victor Emmanuel II Victor Emmanuel was the king and he said that he will bring all the Italian speaking people under one roof He asked his chief minister to help him So the two leaders of the Italian government defeated all these nations together and finally Italy was united under Victor Emmanuel then we come to Germany so you know that in Germany the first middle class revolution failed Guseppe Mazzini's ideas also got spread so in Germany Otto I Bismarck was the chief minister and Kaiser William I was the king Kaiser William I was the king of Prussian Empire so he told Otto I Bismarck that all the Germans should have one So in the Ottoman Buschmark, 3 wars were fought in 7 years with fad countries France, Austria and Denmark And finally when they were defeated, Germany was unified and the Germans were living under a roof Clear? Now we come to the strange case of Britain Britain was called a strange case because unlike Italy and Germany There the nation state was not made by revolution but through a proper constitutional process So in 1688 England was nation state was made, the king took power, parliament took power and constitutional monarchy was established under the act of union 1707, scotland was also made part of england and they established a united kingdom of great britain after that ireland was left, there were many catholics in ireland but the protestant leadership in britishers suppressed the catholics wolf tone was their leader and he defeated them and the protestant leaders of ireland and made the contestants leaders He also made Ireland a part of the United Kingdom and that is when they established the British nation Once the British nation was established, they established their symbols to create a sense of common identity For example, they made a national anthem on people's names in English They made Ireland and Scotland subordinate to themselves They made them subordinate to themselves and they lost their own identity The end of the chapter is by visualizing the nation We are talking about nationalism but how can we visualize its emotions? So, the nation is something that you can neither see, nor eat, nor chew. That's why the nation was usually described through a female figure. So that the poorest person, illiterate person can take part in the revolution.
So, Germany had the allegory of this Germania. Where you can see that crown with oak leaves means heroism. Sword means readiness to fight. Olive branch around the sword means that we are ready to fight.
But, but if you want to make peace then we have willingness to make peace below broken chains means being freed black white and gold tricolour flag breastplate with eagle means strength and rays of the rising sun means beginning of a new era similarly France allegory was Marian a common Christian name which everyone identifies like Ram Sita in India there was a red cap, croquette, badge and a red cap, croquette, badge and the tricolour was her symbol Chapter ends with Balkan Crisis Balkans were the countries like Croatia, Bosnia, Sarbia, and Hargisbonia which were under Ottoman Empire When Ottoman Empire got weak and romanticism started spreading in Europe then Balkan countries separated from Ottoman Empire and established their nation state Now nation state is established But they fought a lot with each other and tried to snatch territories from each other Here there were great powers like Germany, Russia, England and Austria Who controlled these Balkan countries Because the location of Balkan countries was very advantageous for world trade They were near the sea So when they fought with each other, great powers also grew They started fighting with each other and that is what led to this to the first world war right and that is it that is the entire chapter in short i hope you understood it if you understood then please do tell me in the comment section do not forget to share this video with your friends i'll be posting the pdf on the telegram channel you can also follow me on my instagram id i have my own youtube channel now which link you will get in the description that is it this is your master teacher surabhi signing out this was the entire chapter i hope you got it bye Thank you.