Introduction to Tkinter

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Overview

• Tkinter is a library for building Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) in Python.
• Tkinter is part of the core Python stack; no need to install it separately.
• The lecture covers basics: setting up a window, layouts, widgets, and functionalities.

Importing Tkinter

• Import the library: import tkinter as tk
• Best practice: avoid from tkinter import * to prevent ambiguity.

Creating a Basic Window

1. Initialize Window: tk.Tk()

   root = tk.Tk()
   

2. Main Loop: root.mainloop()

   root.mainloop()
   

Window Properties

• Set Title: root.title('title')
• Set Geometry: root.geometry('widthxheight')

  root.title('My First GUI')
  root.geometry('500x500')
  

Basic Widgets

1. Label

   label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello World", font=('Arial', 18))
   label.pack(padx=20, pady=20)
   

2. Text Box

   text_box = tk.Text(root, font=('Arial', 16), height=3)
   text_box.pack(padx=20)
   

3. Entry

   entry = tk.Entry(root)
   entry.pack(padx=10)
   

4. Button

   button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", font=('Arial', 18))
   button.pack(padx=10, pady=10)
   

Layouts

1. Pack Layout: Simplest layout manager.
2. Grid Layout: Align widgets in a grid.

   button_frame = tk.Frame(root)
   button_frame.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
   button1 = tk.Button(button_frame, text="1", font=('Arial', 18))
   button1.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='we')
   button_frame.pack(fill='x')
   

3. Place Layout: Manually place widgets.

   another_button = tk.Button(root, text="Test")
   another_button.place(x=200, y=200, height=100, width=100)
   

Adding Functionality

1. Define a Class for GUI

   class MyGUI:
       def __init__(self):
           self.root = tk.Tk()
           self.root.mainloop()
       # Add more initiation here...
   

2. Event Handling

   def show_message(self):
       message = self.text_box.get("1.0", tk.END)
       if self.check_state.get() == 0:
           print(message)
       else:
           messagebox.showinfo("Message", message)
   
   button.config(command=self.show_message)
   

Additional Features

1. Menu Bar

   menu_bar = tk.Menu(root)
   file_menu = tk.Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0)
   file_menu.add_command(label="Close", command=root.quit)
   menu_bar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file_menu)
   root.config(menu=menu_bar)
   

2. Closing Event

   def on_closing(self):
       if messagebox.askyesno("Quit", "Do you want to quit?"):
           self.root.destroy()
       
   self.root.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.on_closing)
   

3. Keyboard Shortcuts

   def shortcut(self, event):
       if event.state == 12 and event.keysym == 'Return':
           self.show_message()
   
   self.text_box.bind('<KeyPress>', self.shortcut)
   

Summary

• Tkinter provides basic tools for building interactive GUIs in Python.
• Understand and use different layouts and widgets.
• Utilize classes for structuring the GUI and adding functionalities.
• Menus and event handling improve user interaction.