Rays diverge, virtual, erect, enlarged image.

Rays are parallel, no image formed.

Image beyond 2F, magnified, real and inverted.

Image at 2F, same size, real and inverted.

Ray 3 (Optional): Through principal focus, refracts parallel to the principal axis.

Ray 2: Through the optic center, goes undeviated.

Ray 1: From the top, parallel to the principal axis, refracts through the principal focus.

Concave lenses always produce a virtual image.

Convex lenses can produce real or virtual images based on object position.

Position: Between F and O, regardless of object location.

Size: Always diminished.

Nature: Virtual, erect.

Object between F and O:

Object at F:

Object between F and 2F:

Object at 2F:

Size: Diminished

Nature: Inverted (Real Image)

Position: Between F and 2F (10 cm and 20 cm)

Draw Rays:

Draw the Lenses: Mark focal points and 2F.

Method: Drawing two rays helps determine image properties (size, position, nature) for any lens scenario.

Convex vs. Concave:

Image Characteristics

Additional Cases

Image Characteristics

Ray Diagram Construction

Summary

Concave Lens

Convex Lens

Ray Diagrams for Lenses