okay this is the second half of chemistry where we're going to talk more about organic compounds this section will be a lot shorter so let's open it up and play from this slide so remember we spoke about organic versus inorganic and the main difference being the inclusion of carbon in organic compounds [Music] so the majority of organic compounds or include proteins carbohydrates fats nucleic acids and this is unique and only found in living things and of course there's always some exception so when we talk about carbon dioxide okay or carbon monoxide co these things although carbon is in them they are considered inorganic right it can never just be easy but organic compounds unique to living systems and as i said carbohydrates lipids proteins all things that are found in our food and nucleic acid right so let's first talk about when we speak about the word polymers this is chains okay or building blocks that are linked together so like amino acids right turn into proteins those would be polymers groups of monomers when we combine things or synthesize it like right that would be anabolic to build up all right that requires a dehydration synthesis all right so that means we're taking water out so let's look down here we have glucose and fructose all right two types of simple sugars and we want to combine them here's our plus sign so that would be a dehydration synthesis all right and the products that we would get combined would be sucrose and the addition of water okay so the water was removed in order to bind these if we go the opposite direction and we take start with sucrose right and we want to break it down to the simpler forms of glucose and fructose what we now have to do is add water this would be a hydrolysis reaction hydro being water lysis being to take apart or break down so water is added and then it's in its simpler forms think about it you put food in your mouth okay a large polymer and you need to start to break it down or digest it what's one of the things that we immediately add in our mouth well saliva water okay so water is present to help hydrolysize it into smaller products so here's just showing with the dehydration that we're removing water and on this one we need to add water to break it down so when we talk about carbohydrates okay this these are actually hydrated carbons okay carbo being the carbon hydrates water all right and when we look at when we talk about carbohydrates mostly you're familiar with sugars and starches you know simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates they contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen and so it's usually in this type of formula carbon with an h2o to the nth power depending on how many of these we have so it's hydronated hydrated carbon we have three classes of carbohydrates we have monosaccharides which are simple and we had seen in an earlier slide that glucose was one of them okay we have disaccharides which are double sugars combinations all right and that an example would be sucrose which we saw and the last one is polysaccharides so dye being two double poly being many saccharides which is a polymer of sugar when we link glucose together and we want to store it that polymer is called glycogen that's stored in the muscle for later use functions of carbohydrates all right so if you're aware of diet and food intake and nutrition we know that carbohydrates is a major source of fuel so everything eventually gets broken down to glucose and glucose is what will is need to be driven in order to produce atp so that's the fuel that our cells will require [Music] it also is uh involved with structural molecules so sugar ribose sugar which is present in rna all right which we'll get to it's a type of nucleic acid so that's another function of it how do we store it all right well we had said that glucose which is the simplest of sugar which we break down during digestion all right we utilize what we can we keep a certain amount in our blood that's our blood glucose and the rest needs to get stored as glycogen either in the muscles or in the liver all right so when you think of carbs right you think of breads and pasta these are more complex carbohydrates but any sugar is considered a carbohydrate as well okay number two lipids lipids is an another word for fat okay and again this has the same [Music] elements present carbon hydrogen and oxygen but not in the same ratio as we saw with carbohydrates sometimes we have phosphorus that's added as well so one thing we know that lipids is insoluble in water all right so think about oil i think i have a picture of this here we go we know that oil and water don't mix right so if you tried to pour like olive oil into a glass of water it will dissociate it's insoluble when we think about there's four main types of lipids all right there's triglycerides this is the primary of the energy source that we use okay that will also get stored when it's stored in the body it protects us so our fat stores do protect our internal organs and it also insulates us so it keeps us warm triglycerides are broken down into one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids all right this would get broken down for when we need to utilize it for energy we have phospholipids so here we have the lipid in the word and phospho because there's probably phosphorus in it and this when we start talking about the cell the membrane is made up of a biphospholipid layer and here's the picture of the cell membrane okay we're going to talk about that next week steroids cholesterols are made of steroids and hormones are made of steroids steroids often like especially cholesterol get a bad name but also very important and is made up primarily of lipids and the last one probably not as familiar and difficult to pronounce so that's why i put the phonetic in but it's ico sonoids all right these are um also lipids but they are types of hormones that stay local as compared to hormones that travel through the bloodstream [Music] when we talk about lipids we have to talk about fatty acids and there's two types of fatty acids we have saturated and unsaturated all right saturated acid fatty acid is when there is a single bond between the carbon atoms and therefore we would have a maximum number of hydrogen ions attached to it when we think uh over the counter what is a saturated fat well this is any kind of solid animal fat so an example would be butter saturated fatty acids in large doses are not good for you okay can lead to coronary artery disease atherosclerosis we'll talk about that i believe in nutrition in hand 202. unsaturated fatty acids on the molecular formula what's happening is we have some double bonds between the carbon atoms and therefore we won't have as many hydrogen ions or atoms attached so reduce number of hydrogen atoms and in this when we think about it these are plant oils okay so like olive oil is a healthy fat for you so unsaturated fatty acid is better that's what we see here trans fats was something that was mass produced and it was a way of changing unsaturated fat to a saturated fat it transferred or an example of that would be margarine we later found out that this was probably the worst type of fat but it was from a point of view from manufacturing it was cheap and it allowed it was often found like things in potato chips and it would increase the shelf life but i think there was a move now that you'll see on packaging no trans fats so there's been a real push to get rid of this our third organic compound is proteins proteins can be broken down for energy but majority is carbohydrates and lipids proteins the main function is um to is it has either a structural or functional role and when we think about production of proteins every cell okay every cell function is performed by a protein as well as proteins are produced within the cell this is the most abundant organic compound in the body it's used for almost every type of reaction and building block some of the essential functions in the body it's used for support okay involved with metabolic regulation movement coordination transport defense buffering we know that they are polymers of amino acids we have 20 types of amino acids okay which are joined by peptide bonds and produce different types of proteins so here we have two different amino acids that we're going to combine in a dehydration synthesis so what would that mean that means that we're going to take water out when we go this way and that's going to could produce a dipeptide combined by a peptide bond if we were to go the other way with hydrolysis down lower we need to add water and it breaks it down into two amino acids i said that proteins could be categorized by both fibrous or globular fibrous is more structural so building blocks what the body is made of globular is more functional okay so proteins that are used for different functions like enzymes and hormones but let's look at fibers first they're water insoluble they're very stable they look strands like so examples are keratin which is a strength of our skin elastin collagen which is made up in tendons and muscles and ligaments certain contractile fibers like acne myosin which is in your muscle functional proteins are smaller as compared to fibrous they're more round shaped these are water soluble all right examples are antibodies right we're all big on antibodies now with covid out there the antibodies protect us from different foreign material like viruses hormones all right molecular chaperones these are a type of hormone and enzymes which will speed up any type of reaction all right so structural is more building blocks functional is more activities so here's a quicker question for you which type of reaction occurs when biological molecules are broken down so is it hydrolysis anabolic dehydration synthesis or covalent and so our answer is hydrolysis right molecules are broken down water is added just like you adding water to food to form a bolus so lastly the last type of organic compound that we're going to talk about is nucleic acids and this is pretty much your dna and your rna we're going to talk about this in detail when we get to the cell but these are largest molecules in the body the building blocks are the nucleotide all right which is composed of a nitrogen base the pentose sugar and a phosphate group we have the two types we have the dna all right which is um is the double helix all right and it is attached by bases that are complementary and we have the adenine we'll pair with the thymine that's why the yellow and green are matched here and the cytosine and the guanine the blue and red would be attached here this is the double helix that we talk about right your dna is present in every one of your cells and it's how you identify who you are so it's double stranded okay so that's what we're seeing here two strands all right helical molecule it's found in the cell nucleus in your dna it provides your instructions for every type of protein that your body needs to make all right it contains like the blueprint for you we will talk about dna needs to replicate so say you are growing and you need to create more cells or say you cut yourself and you need to repair so you need to grow cells your dna will replicate so therefore the new daughter cells will each have a copy of your dna and this ensures that your genetics will be present and continuous in every cell of your body on the other hand oops i didn't mean to do that we have rna ribonucleic acid the big difference here is it's a single strand not a double strand all right it also has four bases okay but it has the adenine the guanine and the cytosine like dna but instead of the thiazine it has its substitutes with uracil as we see with the u okay and that's in brown here the rna is single stranded it can be present in the nucleus it can also leave the nucleus there are three different varieties that we're going to talk about when we get to the cell we have messenger rna all right which is um involved with taking the message from the dna and sending it to the ribosomes where protein is made we have transfer rna which is going to be bringing amino acids to the ribosome so that we can start making our polymer or our strand of protein and then we have ribosomal rna which is helpful in the building of ribosomes and i think it is our last slide okay and so that ends this lecture