in today's video we're going to look at the reactions between acids and different kinds of bases including metal oxides metal hydroxides and metal carbonates all of which would be classed as neutralization reactions and at the end we'll see how we can make soluble salts using an insoluble base let's start with the metal oxides and hydroxides whenever either of these react with an acid they'll always form a salt plus water for example if we combined hydrochloric acid with sodium oxide which is a metal oxide the positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions would combine to form sodium chloride which is the salt while the hydrogen and oxygen would form water and if we balanced it it would look like this or if we added sulfuric acid to a metal hydroxide like potassium hydroxide each of the negative sulfate ions which are two minus would combine with two of the potassium one plus ions to form our salt k2 so4 which is potassium sulfate and just like before we'd also get water and then have to balance it these types of reactions always follow the same pattern you take the negative ion from the acid and combine it with the positive ion from the base to form a salt and you always get water you just have to be careful to get your salt formula right and balance the whole thing correctly now when acids react with metal carbonates the reaction is pretty similar they still form a salt and water but we also get carbon dioxide so if we took nitric acid and combined it with calcium carbonate then just like before we take the positive calcium ion from our base and combine it with the negative nitrate ions from the acid but because the nitrate only has a 1 minus charge while the calcium calcium's two plus we'd need two of them to form calcium nitrate which would be our salt and then we'd also get water and carbon dioxide and have to check it's balanced now all the soles that we've covered so far have been soluble in water meaning they dissolve so if we want to make a soluble salt all we need to do is react in acid with an insoluble base like a metal oxide hydroxide or carbonate in practice though to actually carry out this reaction there are a few different steps that you need to know first you place some dilute acid for example hydrochloric acid in a beaker and gently heat it with a bunsen burner then you keep adding insoluble base for example copper oxide a little bit at a time at first it will keep disappearing as it reacts to form aqueous copper chloride and water but then as you add more you'll see that some of the base is no longer disappearing so at this point we know that the base must be in excess and we'll have neutralized all of the acid the next step is to filter out all of this excess copper oxide using filter paper and filter funnel and what we have left should be the dissolved form of our soluble salt in this case copper chloride in order to get pure solid crystals of copper chlorine though we'd need to gently heat up our now filtered solution and evaporate off some of the water to do this we won't use a water bath or an electric heater rather than a bunsen burner because we don't want to heat up the solution too much and risk damaging our salt once we've evaporated a bit of the water off and we start to see crystals forming we can stop heating it and leave it to cool which will cause even more crystals to form we then filter these crystals out using filter paper and funnel again and then dry our crystals either by dabbing them with filter vapor or leaving them somewhere warm and that's it we've used an insoluble base plus acid to make crystals of a soluble salt so cheers for watching if you enjoyed it then please do share with your friends and we'll see you next time